Immunity

1. Immunity By Neil Campbell, Mitchell Round and Brendan Winters

2. Introduction Types of Immunity The Concept The Process Difficulties Inheritance Pedigrees Mitosis Meiosis Bibliography Credits

3. Types of immunity • Innate immunityIs an inborn capacity for resisting disease. It begins at birth and depends on genetic factors. Examples of this type of immunity are species and racial immunities. • Acquired immunityBy contrast begins after birth. It depends on the presence of antibodies and other factors originating from the immune system. four types of acquired immunity are generally recognised. It may be seen that the emphasis will be on antibodies and humeral immunity. Cellutor immunity is also important in total spectrum of disease resistance

4. The Concept Is to be able to repel viruses and bacteria that your body sees as a threat to your health and wellbeing If we were able to make babies born with immunity to certain viruses, that we are aware of, that can cause harm to humans such as, the many forms of cancer. Then we would not need to have long, expensive and risking operations and treatments to try and prevent or cure these viruses because the human body (that baby) would already be doing that within its own body to prevent itself from harm. If the virus attempted it would be destroyed before that human even knew anything was even happening because the body would already know exactly what to do to counter that virus.

5. The Process To take the gene (which is a small strand from a piece of DNA) from another living object (or make it) and to place it inside the desired body/embryo of a human so that they (that human) can then be immune to that certain virus from which that particular gene protects the organism from.

6. Difficulties Knowing the correct gene for the task. Trying to actually insert it into the humans DNA strand where it is needed and were it will be used appropriately. Trying to get the humans system to accept the new gene. To get the gene to operate properly

7. DNA • DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid • It is like the living creatures code and no two creatures have the same DNA. • DNA is a large protein found in the nucleus of cells. • It is made of nucleotides. • DNA controls our whole bodies system by releasing proteins where and when they are needed. • DNA that is all twisted and curled up is called a chromosome. The Process

8. Genes • Genes are short snippets' of the DNA strand that carry codes to make proteins, like pages in a cook book. • Alleles is the word used to describe the alternate forms of a gene • A chromosome may contain many genes. • Within the gene pool (Genome) of a species there will be many different forms/alleles. An individual can only carry two alleles for any one gene. The Process

9. Chromosomes • Chromosomes are comprised of DNA. That has been twisted and folded till it fits nice and snugly in the nucleus of the cells. • There are 46 in humans 44 of them are homologous, identical pairs, the last two are sex chromosomes. • “X & Y” • XX=Female (homologous) • XY=Male (non-homologous) • The haploid number for humans (one set of chromosomes) is said to be 23 • While the diploid number (two sets of chromosomes) is 46

10. Inheritance • Homozygous = two alleles that are identical • Heterozygous = two alleles that are not identical • When the person is Heterozygous they have both the dominate and recessive gene but the dominate one always is the one to show (if it is there). • There are two types of alleles Dominate and Recessive • You can also have co-dominate which is when the alleles blend like when you combine: • Red flower + white flower = pink flower Punnet Squares

11. Punnet Squares One parent is Heterozygous the other is Homozygous Recessive Dominate Heterozygous This is when both parents are Heterozygous Homozygous Recessive Inheritance Homozygous Dominate Recessive This is when both parents are either Homozygous Dominate or Homozygous Recessive One parent is Homozygous Dominate and the other Homozygous Recessive

12. Pedigrees • Are quite like family trees (partly are). • The major difference is that pedigrees are used to track a particular trait through that family. • Recessive traits don’t normally appear every generation but skip a few and the re-appear. And to be expressed they need to get the trait from mum and dad. • But Dominate traits appear almost every generation and if you get the trait you show it. • Some traits are X linked recessive, where as then males only need one of it two express it but females need two it is recessive. • Some are X linked Dominate and anyone who gets the dominate gene shows it but these are not very “load” genes.

13. Mitosis • Occurs in all growing organisms • The cells in the process of mitosis copy the DNA so that they have two set • They then split themselves in half, to make two identical daughter cells from the previous one singular cell. • Both cells have a complete set of chromosomes so that the process can then be repeated. This is the reproduction of cells. • This process is done by all cells except for red blood cells who get produced in the spleen. • These cells are described as diploid cells.

14. Meiosis • Only occurs in the testes and ovaries and so being done by the sperm and egg cells. • It occurs after the cells have gone through the stage of mitosis and still have complete chromosomes. • They then split the chromosomes in half as well as splitting in half them selves to become “half-cells.” • So that they can then be joined with another “half-cell (sperm/egg)” and produce and embryo and created another animal. • They are described as haploid cells.

15. Bibliography • Biotechnology Wiki Quest • http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/circulation-animals/immunity-types.php • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Animals • Google images (forgot to record the sites we got the images off)

16. Credits Thank you By Neil Campbell, Mitchell Round and Brendan Winters