1 / 28

Chapter 17 Exercise for Special Populations

Chapter 17 Exercise for Special Populations. EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 6th edition Scott K. Powers & Edward T. Howley. Presentation revised and updated by Brian B. Parr, Ph.D. University of South Carolina Aiken. Diabetes.

conner
Download Presentation

Chapter 17 Exercise for Special Populations

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 17Exercise for Special Populations EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 6th edition Scott K. Powers & Edward T. Howley Presentation revised and updated by Brian B. Parr, Ph.D. University of South Carolina Aiken

  2. Diabetes • Characterized by an absolute (type 1) or relative (type 2) insulin deficiency that results in hyperglycemia • A major health problem and leading cause of death in the United States • More than 18.2 million have diabetes • Only 11.1 million are diagnosed • Warning signs: • Frequent urination/unusual thirst • Extreme hunger • Rapid weight loss, weakness, and fatigue • Irritability, nausea, and vomiting

  3. Diabetes • Type 1 • Lack of insulin • Dependent on exogenous insulin • Develops early in life • Associated with viral infections • 5–10% diabetic population • Type 2 • Resistance to insulin • Develops later in life • Associated with upper-body obesity • 90–95% diabetic population

  4. Characteristics of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Table 17.1

  5. Exercise and the Diabetic • Control of blood glucose is important • Adequate insulin is required • Ketosis • Metabolic acidosis from accumulation of ketone bodies • May result from a lack of insulin

  6. Effect of Prolonged Exercise in Diabetics Figure 17.1

  7. Exercise and Type 1 Diabetes • Metabolic control before physical activity • Avoid exercise if fasting glucose is >300 mg/dl (or >250 mg/dl with ketosis) • Ingest carbohydrates if glucose is <100 mg/dl • Blood glucose monitoring before and after exercise • Identify when changes in insulin or food intake is needed • Learn how blood glucose responds to different types of exercise • Food intake • Consume carbohydrates to prevent hypoglycemia • Carbohydrates should be readily available during and after exercise

  8. Effect of Plasma Insulin Levels in Type 1 Diabetics During Exercise Figure 17.2

  9. Exercise Prescription for Type 1 Diabetes • Exercise 20–60 min, 3–4 days per week, 50–85% heart rate reserve • May use non-weight bearing, low-impact activities • If weight-bearing activities are contraindicated • Use lighter weights (40–60% 1RM), 15–20 reps • Avoid the Valsalva maneuver • Heavier weights for athletes • Drink extra fluids and have carbohydrates available • Exercise with someone in case of emergency

  10. Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes • Exercise is a primary treatment • Help treat obesity • Help control blood glucose • Combination of diet and exercise may eliminate need for drug treatment • Exercise prescription • Dynamic aerobic activity at 50–90% HRmax • 20–60 min, 4–7 times/week • Strength training is also recommended • Goal to expend a minimum of 1,000 kcal/week • May need to reduce dosage of medications to maintain blood glucose

  11. American Diabetes Association Goals for Nutrition Therapy • Attain and maintain optimum metabolic outcomes to reduce risk of complications • Blood glucose in normal range • Improved lipid and lipoprotein profile • Lower blood pressure • Prevent and treat chronic diabetes complications • Improve health through healthy food choices and physical activity • Address individual nutritional needs

  12. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes • Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) • Fasting BG 100–125 mg/dl • Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) • Oral glucose tolerance test • 2-hour blood glucose 140–199 mg/dl • Prediabetes • Having IFG or IGT • Likely to develop type 2 diabetes • 150 min/week of physical activity and losing 5-10% of body weight reduces risk • Better approach than using drugs

  13. Asthma • A respiratory problem characterized by a shortness of breath accompanied by a wheezing sound • Due to: • Contraction of smooth muscle of airways • Swelling of mucosal cells • Hypersecretion of mucus • 20 million are affected by asthma • 1.9 million emergency room visits • 4,000 deaths • Direct and indirect costs of $16.1 billion

  14. Asthma: Diagnosis and Causes • Diagnosed using pulmonary-function testing • Low maximal expiratory flow rate • Triggers • Dust, chemicals, antibodies, exercise • Causes influx of Ca+2 into mast cells • Release of chemical mediators that cause: • Increased smooth muscle contraction leading to bronchoconstriction • Bronchoconstrictor reflex via vagus nerve • Inflammatory response

  15. Proposed Mechanism by Which an Asthma Attack Is Initiated Figure 17.3

  16. Prevention and Relief of Asthma • Prevention • Avoidance of allergens • Immunotherapy • Medications • Cromolyn sodium • 2-agonists • Theophylline • Corticosteroids • Leukotriene inhibitors

  17. Exercise-Induced Asthma • More common in asthmatics • Does not necessarily impair performance if controlled • Caused by drying of respiratory tract • Increases osmolarity on surface of mast cell • Triggers Ca+2 influx and airway narrowing • Reducing the chance of an attack • Warm-up • Short-duration exercise • Treatment • -agonist in case of attack during exercise • Other medications to prevent attack

  18. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) • Includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchial asthma • Can create irreversible changes in the lung • Can severely limit normal activities • Testing for COPD • FEV1 • Graded exercise test • VO2max • Maximal exercise ventilation • Changes in arterial PO2 and PCO2

  19. Treatment of COPD • Goals: • Reduced reliance on O2 and medications • Improved ability to complete daily activities • Treatments: • Medications (including supplemental O2) • Breathing exercises • Dietary therapy • Exercise • Counseling • Outcomes: • Increased exercise tolerance without dyspnea • Increased sense of well-being

  20. Hypertension • Classifications: • Normal <120/<80 mmHg • Prehypertension 120–139/80–89 mmHg • Hypertension (stage I) 140–159/90–99 mmHg • Recommendations • Lose weight if overweight • Limit alcohol intake • Reduce sodium intake • Maintain adequate dietary K+, Ca+2, Mg+2 • Stop smoking • Reduce dietary fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake

  21. Exercise for Hypertension • Exercise can be used as a non-drug treatment • Recommendations: • Moderate intensity exercise (40–60% HR reserve) • 30 minutes on most, preferably all, days • Goal of expending 700–2000 kcal/week • ACSM recommendation for improving VO2max can also be followed • Precautions • Blood pressure should be monitored for those on medications

  22. Cardiac Rehabilitation: Patient Population • Those who have or have had: • Angina pectoris • Chest pain due to ischemia • Myocardial infarction (MI) • Heart damage due to coronary artery occlusion • Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABGS) • Bypass one or more blocked coronary arteries saphenous vein or internal mammary artery • Angioplasty (PTCA) • Balloon tipped catheter used to open occluded arteries • May insert a stent to keep artery open

  23. Cardiac Rehabilitation: Medications • b-blockers • Reduce work of the heart • Anti-arrhythmics • Control dangerous heart rhythms • Nitroglycerine • Reduce angina symptoms

  24. Cardiac Rehabilitation: Testing • Graded exercise testing • ECG monitoring (12-lead) • Heart rate and rhythm • Signs of ischemia (ST segment depression) • Blood pressure • Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) • Signs or symptoms • Chest pain • May include radionuclide imaging • Evaluate perfusion (201Thallium) • Evaluate ventricular ejection (99Technetium)

  25. Cardiac Rehabilitation: Exercise Programs • Exercise prescription • Based on GXT results • MET level, heart rate, signs/symptoms • Whole body, dynamic exercise • Intensity, duration, and frequency based on severity of disease • Effects • Increased functional capacity (VO2max) • Reduced signs/symptoms of ischemia • Improved risk factor profile

  26. Exercise For Older Adults • VO2max declines ~1% per year • Regular exercise may reduce rate of decline • Benefits of participation • Improved risk factor profile • Increased strength and VO2max • Increased bone mass • Recommendations • Similar to younger subjects • Medical exam and risk factor screening is essential

  27. Exercise and Bone Health • Osteoporosis results in reduced bone mineral density and increased fracture risk • More common in women over fifty due to lack of estrogen • Prevention and treatment • Dietary calcium • >1000 mg/day through food and supplements • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) • Prevents bone loss and reduces fracture risk • May increase risk of cardiovascular disease and cancers • Exercise • Weight-bearing activities and resistance training • 2–3 hours per week

  28. Exercise During Pregnancy • Regular endurance exercise poses no risk to the fetus and is beneficial for the mother • Recommendations • Pregnant women should consult their physician prior to beginning any exercise program • Absolute and relative contraindications • Follow ACSM/CDC recommendation • 30 min/day of moderate-intensity activity on most, preferably all, days • Intensity determined by: • Heart rate, Rating of perceived exertion, or “talk test” • No supine exercise after first trimester

More Related