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Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence. What is artificial intelligence? What impact might it have on how we work and live? What opportunities does it present for independent schools?. Understanding Artificial Intelligence (AI).

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Artificial Intelligence

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  1. Artificial Intelligence

  2. What is artificial intelligence? What impact might it have on how we work and live? What opportunities does it present for independent schools?

  3. Understanding Artificial Intelligence (AI) AI makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs, and perform human-like tasks. “Using these technologies [deep learning and natural language processing], computers can be trained to accomplish specific tasks by processing large amounts of data and recognizing patterns in the data.” SAS Institute, “Artificial Intelligence: What It Is and Why It Matters” RELATED TERMS Machine learning, “the cornerstone of modern [AI,] … helps create software that can modify and improve its performance without the need for humans to explain to it how to accomplish tasks.” Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, “uses neural networks, an artificial replication of the structure and functionality of the brain.” Ben Dickson, “What Is Machine Learning?” BDtechtalks.org SAS.com

  4. Understanding Artificial Intelligence (AI) More data, better algorithms, computing power,and storage have led to explosion in uses of AI. “AI is ubiquitous today, used to recommend what you should buy next online, to understand what you say to virtual assistants [like Alexa and Siri], to recognise who and what is in a photo, to spot spam, or detect credit card fraud.” Emerging applications include visual inspections (such as of oil lines), responding to customer service inquiries, helping doctors spot tumors, flagging content online, etc. Nick Heath, ZDNet, “What Is AI? Everything You Need to Know About Artificial Intelligence” (February 12, 2018) RELATED TERMS Narrow AI: What you see in computers today, “intelligent systems that have been taught or learned how to carry out specific tasks without being explicitly programmed how to do so”General AI: “The type of adaptable intellect found in humans, a flexible form of intelligence capable of learning how to carry out vastly different tasks”

  5. Understanding Artificial Intelligence (AI) • “AI automates repetitive learning and discovery through data…[performing]frequent, high-volume, computerized tasks without fatigue. • “AI adds intelligenceto existing products…. Automation, conversational platforms, bots and smart machines can be combined with large amounts of data to improve many [home & workplace technologies.] • “AI adapts through progressive learning algorithms…. So, just as the algorithm can teach itself how to play chess, it can teach itself what product to recommend next online. • “AI analyzes more and deeper data.…The more data you can feed [deep learning models], the more accurate they become. • “AI achieves incredible accuracy” with many AI techniques being used in the medical field. • “AI gets the most out of data.…The answers are in the data; you just have to apply AI to get them out.” SAS Institute, “Artificial Intelligence: What It Is and Why ItMatters”

  6. The Historical Context AI “will lead us into the mother of all tech revolutions.”“The last time anything came close was around 1900, when the automobile, telecommunications, the airplane and mass electrification all came together. … [We’ve] put computing devices in the hands of 3 billion individuals and created the largest pool in history of educated people working in economies that encourage innovation… built a global computing cloud and moved our shopping, friendships, work, entertainment… online. In this hyper-connected global market, waves of automation can get invented and deployed warp speed faster than at any time before.” Kevin Maney, “How Artificial Intelligence and Robots Will Radically Transform the Economy,”Newsweek (Nov. 30, 2016) “The First Machine Age allowed us to overcome limitations of physical power through factories (mass production) and railroads (mass transportation). The Second Machine Age brings unprecedented boost to mental power.” Donna Orem, “Artificial Intelligence: Will It Take Our Jobs or Enrich Our Lives?” Independent Ideas blog (February 21, 2018) Kevin Maney “How Artificial Intelligence and Robots will Radically Transform the Economy,” Newsweek

  7. Threats vs. Benefits AI will certainly change the job landscape; opinions differ on the long-term picture.“Some technologists have said 90 percent of the population will end up out of work.” Other experts say “the concern is not that robots will take human jobs and render humans unemployable.… The worry is that the speed of AI’s encroachment on jobs could lead to sustained periods of time with a large fraction of people not working.” Kevin Maney, “How Artificial Intelligence and Robots Will Radically Transform the Economy,”Newsweek(November 30, 2016) “By 2020, AI will generate 2.3 million jobs, exceeding the 1.8 million that it will remove, research firm Gartner said in a report. The public sector, healthcare, and education are expected to benefit the most, while manufacturing and transportation may be hit the hardest.” Yen Nee Lee, “Robots ‘Are Here to Give Us a Promotion,’Not Take Away Jobs, Gartner Says,” CNBC.com (December 17, 2017)

  8. Threats vs. Benefits Widening the income gap Impact on social mobility “The next wave of automation will dramatically increase inequality within societies, further entrenching the divide between rich and poor.There are a number of reasons for this, …including the ability of richer individuals to re-train for new jobs; the rising importance of ‘soft skills’ like communication and confidence; and the reduction in the number of jobs used as ‘stepping stones’ into professional industries [such as paralegal and bookkeeping positions].”James Vincent, “Robots and AI Are Going to Make Social Inequality Even Worse, Says New Report,” The Verge (July 13, 2017) “Low-skilled, entry-level, repetitious jobs [generally held by lower socio-economic sectors] will become automated.” Tania deJong, “Artificial Intelligence Will Widen the Gap Between Rich and Poor,” Huffington Post (July 20, 2017)

  9. Threats vs. Benefits AI’s role in increased security threats“As AI technology continues to become more powerful and plentiful, security attacks will become less expensive and more easily carried out, more precisely targeted and harder to trace.” The threat is in three realms: digital, physical, and political. Catherine Clifford, “Top A.I. Experts Warn of a ‘Black Mirror’-esque Future With Swarms of Micro-drones and Autonomous Weapons,” CNBC.com (February 21, 2018) Industry discussion “For-profit and nonprofit companies and technology giants have come together to form the Partnership on AI to ‘formulate best practices on AI technologies, to advance the public’s understanding of AI, and to serve as an open platform for discussion and engagement about AI and its influences on people and society.’” Donna Orem, “Artificial Intelligence: Will It Take Our Jobs or Enrich Our Lives?” Independent Ideas blog (Feb. 21, 2018)

  10. Threats vs. Benefits Will it transform education? “In the next five years, AI will likely impact education the way that it has other fields, that is, eliminating routine but time-consuming tasks. This could range from record-keeping to grading papers, freeing teachers to spend more time on the social and emotional side of their work and offering more one-on-one coaching for students. Over the longer-term, the promise of AI is truly personalized learning.” • Will AI take our jobs or enrich our lives? • “The most optimistic outlook for AI is that it will collaborate with humans to solve our most pressing problems, such as finding a cure for cancer or easing climate change, instead of eliminating jobs.” • Donna Orem, “Artificial Intelligence: Will It Take Our Jobs or Enrich Our Lives?” Independent Ideas blog (February 21, 2018)

  11. Opportunitiesin the Workplace • Freeing people from mundane tasks: “AI software can analyze in two seconds the amount of data and text that a research assistant would need two weeks to plow through. That frees up the assistants to do more thoughtful work and speeds up the scientists’ search for cures.” • Contributing knowledge to decision-making: “AI software in a conference room could listen to the conversation in a business meeting while constantly searching the internet for information that might be relevant, then serve it up when asked.” • Creating new job types: For example, a company called Influential builds on AI from IBM’s Watson to match brands with social media “influencers” who get paid to tout products. • Matching people with jobs: “AI will power software that gets to know you, your skills and your desires and will constantly monitor job openings and freelance opportunities for you.” Kevin Maney, “How Artificial Intelligence and Robots Will Radically Transform the Economy, Newsweek(November 30, 2016)

  12. Opportunitiesin Healthcare Diagnosis accuracy In the medical field, “AI techniques from deep learning, image classification and object recognition can now be used to find cancer on MRIs with the same accuracy as highly trained radiologists.” Finding new connections New applications of AI are being tested with “detecting new associations not yet detected by humans. For instance, UK researchers gave data on 295,000 patients to machine learning algorithms, to allow them to correlate medical history with rates of heart attacks.” Paul Hsieh, “AI in Medicine: Rise of the Machines,” Forbes (April 30, 2017) SAS Institute, “Artificial Intelligence: What It Is and Why It Matters”

  13. Opportunities in Education 10 Roles for AI in Education “AI can automate basic activities in education, like grading….allowing teachers to focus on in-class activities and student interaction. “Educational software can be adapted to students needs…a machine-assisted solution to helping students at different levels work together in one classroom. “It can point out places where courses need to improve. “Students could get additional support from AI tutors. “AI-driven programs can give students and educators helpful feedback. “It is altering how we find and interact with information. Google adapts results to users based on location, Amazon makes recommendations based on previous purchases…. [S]tudents in the future may have vastly different experiences doing research and looking up facts than the students of today.” (Continued on next slide)

  14. Opportunities in Education 10 Roles for AI in Education (continued) 7. “It could change the role of teachers.… AI systems could be programmed to provide expertise, serving as a place for students to … find information or could even potentially take the place of teachers for very basic course materials. … AI will shift the role of the teacher to that of facilitator. 8. “AI can make trial-and-error learning less intimidating. 9. “Data powered by AI can change how schools find, teach, and support students. … The college selection process may end up … with a system that recommends the best schools and programs for student interests. 10. “AI may change where students learn, who teaches them, and how they acquire basic skills.” Teachthought.com, “10 Roles for Artificial Intelligence in Education”

  15. Opportunities in Education Deakin University’s AI has current and planned uses for student relations, administration, and coursework. “Since 2015 students have been able to ask the Watson-based Deakin Genie for advice related to a wide spread of topics… freeing up valuable teacher time .… [In the coming years,] the system is expected to… give individual advice in areas related to admissions, tuition and fees, financial assistance, student housing,” among other areas. Future updates will include discipline-specific walkthroughs,such as help with difficult mathematics problems. Hubert.ai, medium.com, “AI in Education — The Genie of Deakin University” (February 28, 2017)

  16. Opportunities in Education Online platforms with personalized preschool learning Sesame Street and IBM created a vocabulary learning app powered by AI. “The app leans on IBM’s Watson supercomputer to observe and learn a child’s current reading level and vocabulary range [and then delivers] experiences tailored for that child, continually adapting the exercises and coursework as the child progresses.” The app was pilot-tested for use in a Georgia public school system. Rachel King, “Sesame Workshop Trying a New Teaching Tactic With IBM Watson,” Fortune (June 6, 2017) Continual work-related training “AI will also help people learn how to prosper in the age of AI.[Khan Academy Founder Sal] Khan’s vision includes helping masses of people continually learn new skills that will make them more relevant in fast-changing job markets.” Kevin Maney, “How Artificial Intelligence and Robots Will Radically Transform the Economy,”Newsweek (November 30, 2016)

  17. Opportunities in Education AltSchool personalized learning software in public schools Two California public school districts plan to implement AltSchool’s personalized-learning platform. “The software is meant as a hub where students can access assignments, … demonstrate what they’ve learned, turn in their work, and keep track of their progress. Teachers can collaboratively plan lessons and projects for individual students, as well as communicate with children and parents.” • OTHER PERSONALIZED LEARNING PLATFORMS: • Summit Learning allows students to take customized paths through an established universe of lessons/projects. • Teach to One relies on algorithms to recommend how each student will learn each day.  • Benjamin Herold, “With New Personalized-Learning Software, AltSchool Moves Into Public Schools,” EdWeek Blog (January 24, 2018)

  18. Strategic Questions • Competition/Market • In a world where functional skills will become less important, how does your value proposition emphasize your school’s strengths in social and emotional learning? How are you helping prospective families understand the importance of these skills in today’s fast-changing context? • What are public, private, and for-profit schools in your market doing with personalized learning and with other AI applications? • Teaching and Learning • What personalized learning technologies could be a positive future step for your school? • How are you empowering your teachers to learn about the possibilities of AI and other technologies? • What are your community’s desired outcomes for student learning? How are youpreparing students for the new economy?

  19. Strategic Questions • Administration • In your hiring practices, how are you planning ahead for the different types of skills that may be needed five years from now, given fast-changing workplace technologies? • Are there opportunities to rethink administrative tasks that are routine in nature that new or emerging technologies could perform? For example, in advancement, are there ways that, in the near future, machine learning could detect patterns in giving or conduct prospect research? Perform routine writing? Are there apps available now to assist with routine tasks? • How are you preparing to address stress that staff and faculty might feel about the fast-changing nature of work? • Exploratory • From your vantage point, where could you see AI applications taking independent education?

  20. References • SAS Institute, “Artificial Intelligence: What It Is and Why It Matters” • Ben Dickson, “What Is Machine Learning?” BDtechtalks.org • Nick Heath, ZDNet, “What Is AI? Everything You Need to Know About Artificial Intelligence” • Donna Orem, “Artificial Intelligence: Will It Take Our Jobs or Enrich Our Lives?” Independent Ideas blog • Kevin Maney, “How Artificial Intelligence and Robots Will Radically Transform the Economy, ” Newsweek • Yen Nee Lee, “Robots ‘Are Here to Give Us a Promotion,’Not Take Away Jobs, Gartner says,” CNBC.com • Tania deJong, “Artificial Intelligence Will Wide the Gap Between Rich and Poor,” Huffington Post • James Vincent, “Robots and AI Are Going to Make Social Inequality Even Worse, Says New Report,” The Verge • Catherine Clifford, “Top A.I. Experts Warn of a ‘Black Mirror’-esque Future With Swarms of Micro-drones and Autonomous Weapons,” CNBC.com • Paul Hsieh, “AI in Medicine: Rise of the Machines,” Forbes • Teachthought.com, “10 Roles for Artificial Intelligence in Education” • Hubert.ai, medium.com, “AI in Education — The Genie of Deakin University” • Rachel King, “Sesame Workshop Trying a New Teaching Tactic With IBM Watson,” Fortune • Benjamin Herold, “With New Personalized-Learning Software, AltSchool Moves Into Public Schools,” EdWeek Blog

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