Artificial Intelligence

1. Artificial Intelligence By Tyler Tiernan Dylan Wade

2. History and the Turing Test • One of the first attempts at trying to define what makes a computer artificially intelligent was done by Alan Turing. He proposed that a computer must first pass a test that would prove its intelligence. Graham Oppy, . "The Turing Test." Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. N.p., 2011.

3. The Turing Test • This test was based off of a party game called the Imitation game. • The idea of this game is that a man and a woman go into separate rooms and they each try to convince a third person that they are the other. • The idea is that a computer with artificial intelligence will be indistinguishable from a real human being. Graham Oppy, . "The Turing Test." Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. N.p., 2011.

4. Eliza • Eliza was a computer program designed by Joseph Weizenbaum to search for keywords in a text conversation and generate a response. • Eliza was designed to be similar to the behavior of Rogerian therapist thus being able to fool many people into believing they were talking to an actual therapist. • Therefore Eliza is considered to be one of the first programs to pass the Turing, though it is not agreed with by everyone. Güzeldere, Güven, and Stefano Franchi. "dialogues with colorful personalities of early ai." stanford.edu. Stanford University, 24 J.

5. Parry • Parry was a computer program created in 1976 by Kenneth Colby with very similar programming to Eliza. • It played an almost opposite roll to Eliza in that it was the one being diagnosed. It was a much more advanced program and was designed to imitate a paranoid schizophrenic. • For their experiment they had a group of psychiatrists interview a mixture of humans and computers running the Parry program. Güzeldere, Güven, and Stefano Franchi. "dialogues with colorful personalities of early ai." stanford.edu. Stanford University, 24 J.

6. Parry (continued) • For their experiment they had a group of psychiatrists interview a mixture of humans and computers running the Parry program. • They later had 33 more psychiatrists read throgh the transcripts of the conversations and had them try to guess which of each were human and which were computers. • They were only able to guess which was which with 48% accuracy. Güzeldere, Güven, and Stefano Franchi. "dialogues with colorful personalities of early ai." stanford.edu. Stanford University, 24 J.

7. The Chinese Room test • In 1980 a man named John Searle wrote a paper called “Minds, Brains and Programs” which contained the Chinese room theory. The Chinese Room was created specifically to oppose the idea of the Turing Test. • It said that a machine could easily beat the Turing Test using information of which it had no understanding. Hauser, Larry. "Chinese Room Argument." Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy. Alma College, 2005.

8. The Chinese Room test (continued) • The argument being without understanding what it is answering it could not be considered thinking or intelligent in the same way that humans are. • This would disprove the Claims that both Eliza and Parry were actually artificial intelligences by these standards. Hauser, Larry. "Chinese Room Argument." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Alma College, 2005.

9. Watson • An artificial intelligence driven IBM super-computer • Developed as part of the DeepQA project • Capable of answer questions given to it in a naturally spoken language Unknown. “Watson (Computer)." Wikipedia. WikiMedia, n.d. Web. Watsons “Face”

10. How Watson works • Takes key “Clue” words and organizes them into known common phrases or questions • He runs thousands of language algorithms simultaneously, find an answer that he believes is correct. • He then evaluates and determines the level of confidence in the response, before giving an answer Unknown. “Watson (Computer)." Wikipedia. WikiMedia, n.d. Web.

11. Diagram of Watsons “Brain” Unknown. “Watson (Computer)." Wikipedia. WikiMedia, n.d. Web.

12. ASIMO • Humanoid robot, designed and built by HONDA introduced in 2000 • Advanced Step in Innovative MObility • Considered the most advanced artificially intelligent robot on the planet Lee, O., and S. Jonathan. "How ASIMO Works." Science-how stuff works. HowStuffWorks, Inc., n.d.

13. How ASIMO moves • ASIMO can independently climb and descend stairs (“artificial intelligence (AI)." Compton's by Britannica. 01 Aug 2011: n.p. SIRS Discoverer. Web. 13 Apr 2012.) • ASIMO has joints in his hips, knees, and feet that allow movement similar to humans walking motion • ASIMO is programmed with “predictive movement control”, also known as I-Walk Lee, O., and S. Jonathan. "How ASIMO Works." Science-how stuff works. HowStuffWorks, Inc., n.d.

14. I-Walk • This program allows ASIMO to calculate how much it needs to shift its center of gravity and how long it needs to do so in order to move. • These calculations are done in real time so it doesn’t have to stop between each movement Lee, O., and S. Jonathan. "How ASIMO Works." Science-how stuff works. HowStuffWorks, Inc., n.d. “artificial intelligence (AI)." Compton's by Britannica. 01 Aug 2011: n.p. SIRS Discoverer. Web. 13 Apr 2012.

15. ASIMO’s senses • Video camera eyes are linked to a computer that uses stereoscopic vision and vision algorithms • This allows the ability to see and identify objects, and avoid running into them • These eyes also allow ASIMO to identify familiar faces, interpret hand motion and identify the rate at which objects are moving. Lee, O., and S. Jonathan. "How ASIMO Works." Science-how stuff works. HowStuffWorks, Inc., n.d.

16. ASIMO’s senses • Sensors in the wrists of ASIMO allow it to calculate the amount of force needed to do tasks like lift trays, handing you a file, or shaking your hand. • These sensors also allow ASIMO to add more force when it detects things like hills or inclines when needed. Lee, O., and S. Jonathan. "How ASIMO Works." Science-how stuff works. HowStuffWorks, Inc., n.d.

17. ASIMO’s senses • ASIMO also has infrared scanners that allow him to scan IC cards given to employees at Honda, allowing ASIMO to greet them with their proper identification. • Microphones located in ASIMO’s head allow it the ability to listen to, and receive voice commands, and determine direction of the sound. ASIMO then turns and faces the source of the sound. Lee, O., and S. Jonathan. "How ASIMO Works." Science-how stuff works. HowStuffWorks, Inc., n.d.

18. Sources • Graham Oppy, . "The Turing Test." Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. N.p., 2011. Web. 11 Apr 2012. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/ • Hauser, Larry. "Chinese Room Argument." Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy. Alma College, 2005. Web. 11 Apr 2012. <http://www.iep.utm.edu/chineser/>. • "Watson (Computer)." Wikipedia. WikiMedia, n.d. Web. 12 Apr 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_computer>.

19. Lee, O., and S. Jonathan. "How ASIMO Works." Science-how stuff works. HowStuffWorks, Inc., n.d. Web. 12 Apr 2012. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/asimo.htm>. • Güzeldere, Güven, and Stefano Franchi. "dialogues with colorful personalities of early ai." stanford.edu. Stanford University, 24 J. Web. 12 Apr 2012. <http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/dialogues.html>. • “artificial intelligence (AI)." Compton's by Britannica. 01 Aug 2011: n.p. SIRS Discoverer. Web. 13 Apr 2012.