Reproduction

1. Reproduction By Aimee Chavez

2. Sexual Vs. Asexual • Sexual reproduction: ( Meiosis) 2 parents and one or many offspring with genetic diversity • Examples: sperm + egg = zygote • seed plants • Asexual reproduction (mitosis) 1 parent and one or many offspring which are an exact copy of the parent.

3. Sexual vs. asexual

4. Mitosis & The Cell Cycle • Reproduction of regular body cells such as skin cells. An exact copy is made.

5. Meiosis and Sex Cells • Meiosis: a process that produces 4 sex cells (haploid) which have 23 chromosomes. Sperm or egg. • Often there are mistakes during meiosis and a cell can have too few or too many chromosomes. I.e. Downs syndrome

6. Sprouting Some vegetables such as sweet potatoes which grow sprouts can reproduce asexually.

7. Strawberries form runners & fragmentation

8. Budding • Some organisms such as hydra and sponges can reproduce through a process called budding.

9. Regeneration • Sea stars, Planarians, Lizards can regrow a body part called regeneration.

10. Binary Fission • Bacteria and amoeba reproduce via binary fission.

11. Bacteria: • need food, temperature, and suitable living conditions • Asexual: Binary fission. One cell divides to form two identical cells • Sexual: some reproduce by conjugation where 2 parents who combine genetic information. No babies!

13. Fungi: • spores are surrounded by a covering and are carried thru air and water. The spores are produced in fruiting bodies which are reproductive hyphae. • Asexual: adequate moisture and food, reproduce by fruiting bodies that become spores • Unicellular yeast uses budding where a small yeast cell grows from body and breaks off as a new organism. • Sexual: unfavorable hyphae of two grow together and genetic material is exchanged , new spore producing structure grows from the formed hyphae

15. Protists: • asexual or sexual • Amoeba: asexual replicates nucleus and fission occurs • Fungus like produce spores • Sexual: stress like from environment offspring have better survival a gamete becomes a zygote

16. Plants: • two stages or generations • Sporophyte: produces spores and gametophyte: produces sex cells sperm and egg • Spores gametophyte to sperm and egg zygote to sporophyte

18. Gymnosperm: cones and naked seeds needle like scale like deep roots • Produces male and female cones • Scale on female has 2 ovules male produces pollen grains that mature to sperm • Egg cell develops inside ovules • Wind scatters pollen which becomes trapped on sticky ovules • Pollen produces a tube which grows into ovule sperm moves through and joins with the egg • The ovule becomes a seed and egg becomes an embryo • Wind disperses the seeds which become a seedling and a tree

20. Angiosperms: flowering plants • Angiosperm produces flowers • Inside ovary an egg cell is produced in each ovule cells in the anther produce pollen • Pollen gets trapped in the stigma • Pollen grains produced pollen tubes that grows into ovule a sperm cell moves through the pollen tube an joins with the egg cell • Ovule becomes a seed and fertilized egg becomes and embryo • Ovary becomes a fruit with seeds • Seeds become a new plant

21. Angiosperms

22. Sponges Sexual: sperm and egg make larva immature and looks different than adult Asexual: Budding

23. Cnidarians: polyps: budding sexual

24. Worms: • sexual and asexual some are male and female • Asexual: breaking into pieces, except earthworms which can only grow back tail : regeneration

25. Insects: • Complete metamorphosis • Egg female in moist place • Larva egg hatch to larva • Pupa sings legs antenna form protective case • Crawls out unfurls wings exoskeleton hardens

27. Gradual metamorphosis • Egg to soil • Nymph looks like mini adult no wings • Larger nymph molts • Adult wings

29. Amphibians • Frogs and toads have external fertilization salamander is internal • Eggs have a clear jelly moist and protective • Egg to legless tadpole to hind legs to frog to adult

31. Reptiles: eggs fertilized internally shell • Birds: internal fertilization and lay eggs have harder shells • Mammals: internal fertilization • Young develop in mom feed with milk