General Information

1. Air Pollution, Climate Change and Ozone Depletion General Information

2. Chapter Overview Questions • What layers are found in the atmosphere? • What are the major outdoor air pollutants, and where do they come from? • What are two types of smog? • What is acid deposition, and how can it be reduced? • What are the harmful effects of air pollutants? • How can we prevent and control air pollution?

3. Chapter Overview Questions • How have the earth’s temperature and climate changed in the past? • How might the earth’s temperature change in the future? • What factors influence the earth’s average temperature? • What are some possible beneficial and harmful effects of a warmer earth?

4. Chapter Overview Questions • How can we slow projected increases in the earth’s temperature or adapt to such changes? • How have human activities depleted ozone in the stratosphere, and why should we care?

5. CLIMATE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION • ________is a local area’s short-term _________ conditions such as __________ and ___________. • ________ is a region’s _________ weather conditions over a long time. • __________ and _________ help determine climate.

6. Solar Energy and Global Air Circulation: Distributing Heat • _______ air circulation is affected by the uneven heating of the earth’s surface by __________, seasonal changes in ________ and ____________. Figure 5-3

7. Air Pressure Definition • ___ _______is pressure exerted by the _____ of Earth’s ________. At sea level it is equal to _____ pounds per square inch. • A _________ is used to measure ________ _______.

8. Air Pressure Pressure Gradient • This changes from ____ to ____. On a map there is an arrow to show this. A _______ pressure gradient means ________ winds (the isobars on a weather map would be drawn closer together).

9. Wind Cause • _______ is caused by the pressure gradient force. High pressure means _____ air, and _____ pressure means _____ air. The air moves from high to low, causing wind.

10. ________ Effect • _______ air circulation is affected by the _______ of the earth on its _____. Figure 5-4

11. Cold deserts Westerlies Forests Northeast trades Hot deserts Forests Equator Southeast trades Hot deserts Forests Westerlies Cold deserts Fig. 5-4, p. 102

12. Wind The Coriolis Effect • _______ in the atmosphere, created by the _______of the Earth on its axis, that ______ winds to the _____ in the ___________ and to the ____ in the _____________.

13. _________ Currents • Global air circulation is _______ by the properties of ____, ______, and _______. Figure 5-5

14. ____________ Cells • ______ and _________ are distributed over the earth’s surface by _______ currents, which form ____giant _________ cells at different _________. Figure 5-6

15. Cell 3 North Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises — rain Polar cap Cell 2 North Arctic tundra Evergreen coniferous forest 60° Cool, dry air falls Temperate deciduous forest and grassland 30° Desert Cell 1 North Tropical deciduous forest Moist air rises, cools, and releases Moisture as rain Tropical rain forest 0° Equator Tropical deciduous forest 30° Desert Cell 1 South Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Cool, dry air falls 60° Cell 2 South Polar cap Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises — rain Cell 3 South Fig. 5-6, p. 103

16. Wind __________ • This is a ______________ of the pressure ________ force and the ____________. Friction at the Earth’s surface causes winds to _____ a little. Friction runs parallel to the ________.

17. Wind ________ Level Flow • There is _________ friction up in the upper ____________, driving surface features. Ex. during big _____________, the wind in the ______ level will tell which _____ the thunderstorm will ______.

18. Wind __________ • (called __________ in the Atlantic and ________ in the Pacific) • Violent storms that form over ______ ocean waters and can pass over coastal land. • Giant, ________ storms with winds of at least ___ mph. The most powerful ones have wind velocities _______ than _____ mph.

19. Wind ____________ • An ___________ system of winds _________ outward from a high-pressure center, circling __________ in the _____ Hemisphere and _____________ in the ______Hemisphere.

20. Circulation Patterns ________ Cells • Wind that _____ at the ___________. • As air rises, it _______ out ______ & ______, then ______ and sinks at ____ degrees. • This is why most of the world’s _______ are found at 30 degrees. • These are called the _____ latitudes because early settlers would get stuck here in their boats & couldn’t move. They would finally throw their horses overboard to lighten the load & get moving again.

21. Circulation Patterns __________ Cells • ______ water transfers _____ to the _________, especially near the hot ________. • This _______ convection cells that transport heat and water from one area to another. • The resulting convection cells circulate ____, _____, and _________ both vertically and from place-to-place in the troposphere, leading to different _______ & patterns of vegetation.

22. Circulation Patterns _______ Cells • Air _____ at about ___ degrees, floats _____, and _____ at around ____ degrees, both _____ and ______.

23. ____________ • These are __________ breezes that occur during the _____.

24. ______________ • These are __________ breezes that occur at _______.

25. ______________ • As the _____ blows from the ______ into a _____ between ____mountains, the wind must divert into a smaller area. This causes ____ winds to form through the ________.

26. _________________ • ______ air coming from the ____ of the mountain _____ down on the eastern slope, causing _______ winds on the mountain.

27. Air Masses and Storms Polar vs. Tropical • The atmosphere has ______ prevailing winds. Prevailing winds that blow from the ________ near the ________ or from the _________ near the _______ are called polar ____________. • _____________winds that blow from the ________ in the N. Hemisphere or from the ________ in the S. Hemisphere are called trade winds.

28. Air Masses and Storms Continental vs. Maritime • ___________ fronts are generally ____ and ____, whereas _______ (ocean) fronts are generally ____ and ______. When these two air masses ________, the result is usually _____.

29. Weather _______ Front • The boundary between an advancing ______air mass and the ______ one it is replacing. Because ______ air is _____ dense than cool air, an advancing ______ front will ______ up ______ a mass of ______ air.

30. ______ Front • The _____________of an advancing air mass of _____ air. Because _____ air is _____ dense than warm air, an advancing _____ front stays close to the ______and wedges underneath less dense, warmer air. A ______ front __________rapidly moving, towering clouds called _____________.

31. ___________ Front • A stationary front is a _____________ zone between ____ nearly stationary air masses of different ________.

32. ____________ Front • An occluded front is the air ______ established when a ______ front _________ (________ the passage of) a ______ front.

33. Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and Nutrients • Ocean currents influence climate by distributing ______ from place to place and _________ and ___________ nutrients. Figure 5-7

34. Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and Nutrients • ______________: • Considerable scientific __________ and ______________ indicate that large inputs of ___________ gases from anthropogenic activities into the __________ can enhance the ________ greenhouse effect and change the earth’s _________ in your lifetime.

35. STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE • The ________ consists of several layers with different ____________, ___________, and _______________. Figure 19-2

36. Atmospheric pressure (millibars) Temperature Pressure Thermosphere Mesopause Heating via ozone Mesosphere Altitude (kilometers) Altitude (miles) Stratopause Stratosphere Tropopause Ozone “layer” Heating from the earth Troposphere Pressure = 1,000 millibars at ground level (Sea level) Temperature (˚C) Fig. 19-2, p. 440

37. STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE • The atmosphere’s _______ layer (____________) is made up mostly of _________ and _________, with smaller amounts of _______ vapor and ______. • ________ in the atmosphere’s ________ layer (________________) filters out most of the sun’s ______ radiation that is harmful to us and most other species.

38. The Earth’s Atmosphere ______________ • 75% of mass of atmosphere • ___ to ____ miles in altitude • ____ nitrogen, _____ oxygen • Location of Earth’s ________ • Temperature _______ with ________ until the next layer is reached, where there is a sudden rise in temperature

39. _________________ • ____ miles to _____ miles in altitude • Calm • Temperature ________ with __________ • Contains ______ the ______ of the rest of the atmosphere; ozone forms in an equilibrium reaction when _________ is converted to _______ by lightning and/or sunlight • _____of ultraviolet radiation (especially UV-B) is _________ by the stratosphere

40. ________________ • ____ to ____ miles in altitude • The temperature _______ with increasing __________

41. ________________ • ___ to ____ miles in altitude • Temperature _________ with increasing altitude • Very _____ temperatures

42. ______ • The Earth’s _____ degree incline on its axis remains the same as it travels around the sun. As the earth _____ around the ____ the seasons ______.

43. Weather • ________ is the __________ in the atmosphere at a ______ ______ and ______. • It includes _________, atmospheric pressure, ___________, cloudiness, ____________, and wind.

44. Climate • ________ is the _________ ___________ conditions that occur in a place over a period of ______. • The two most important factors are __________ and _____________.

45. ____________of the Atmosphere • Components – Oxygen ____, Nitrogen ___ • Layers – ______sphere, ______sphere, ______sphere, ______sphere, _____sphere (extends from _____ miles to interplanetary space)

46. Composition of the Atmosphere (cont.) • _______ Pollutants – _______, ______, _____ particles, _____________, and ____________________ (CFC’s) • Causes of Primary Pollutants – _________, ______, wind and soil, __________, forest fires, pollen, decaying plants, salt particles from the sea, and _____________.

47. AIR POLLUTION • _______ primary air pollutants may _____ with one _________ or with other _________ in the air to form ___________ air pollutants. Figure 19-3

48. Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants CO CO2 SO2 NO NO2 SO3 Most hydrocarbons HNO3 H3SO4 Most suspended particles H2O2 O3 PANs Most NO3– and SO42– salts Natural Stationary Sources Mobile Fig. 19-3, p. 442

49. Major Air Pollutants • _________________: • ________________(CO) is a highly toxic gas that forms during the ________ combustion of carbon-containing materials. • ______of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the troposphere occurs as a result of the ________ cycle. • _____of CO2 in the troposphere occurs as a result of ____________(mostly burning _______ fuels). • It is ______ regulated as a pollutant under the U.S. Clean Air Act.

50. Major Air Pollutants • ______________and __________: • Nitrogen oxide (NO) forms when _______ and ________ gas in air ______ at the high-combustion temperatures in ________ engines and _____________ plants. NO can also form from ___________ and certain _____ bacteria. • NO reacts with air to form NO2. • _______reacts with water vapor in the air to form nitric acid (_______) and nitrate salts (______) which are components of _______ deposition.