Hydrosphere Study Guide

1. Hydrosphere Study Guide Test will be tomorrow

2. Water Properties • You need to know each of the water properties: • Universal solvent • Polarity • Cohesion • Surface tension • Adhesion • Capillary action • Density • Buoyancy

3. Universal Solvent Water is able to dissolve almost ANYTHING.

4. Polarity • The uneven charges across a water molecule. • Water is the universal solvent because it is POLAR! • This is the reason why water and oil do not mix

5. Cohesion Water bonded to other water molecules!

6. Surface Tension This is a COHESIVE property. It is the round surface that water makes.

7. Adhesion Water bonding to other substances.

8. Capillary Action This is an adhesive property. Water climbing up a surface.

9. Density The density of water is 1.0 g/mL. Things that are less dense float. Things that are more dense sink.

10. Buoyancy The upward force of water. This can also be a reason why things float on water – but buoyancy is the reason why things that are more dense than water can float.

11. Water Cycle • All of the water on Earth is “recycled” through the different stages of the water cycle. • Evaporation • Transpiration • Condensation • Precipitation • Runoff • Percolation (groundwater)

12. Evaporation

13. Transpiration Water that escapes the leaves of a plant. This picture shows a transpiration bag. What is happening here? The plant leaves release water as a gas and then the water CONDENSES on the sides of the plastic bag.

14. Condensation Water must heat up to evaporate into a gas. When it is a gas, then it rises into the atmosphere. When it gets into the atmosphere, it cools off. As it cools, it changes back to a liquid. The tiny liquid drops then come together to form clouds. This is called condensation (going from a gas back to a liquid).

15. Precipitation When the clouds get too “heavy” from all of the liquid water drops, they then release water via precipitation.

16. Runoff Remember the “Where does my water flow?” lab? We learned that water flows to the lowest point on a landscape – anything as small as a mud puddle to as large as a river. The force of gravity is what pulls the water downwards.

17. Percolation This is the term that means water flows underground. The water will seep into PERMEABLE ground (like dirt or sand) until it reaches an IMPERMEABLE substance (like rock).

18. Water distribution on Earth… 75% of Earth is covered in water. Of all of the water on earth: 97% is salt water 3% is fresh water Of the fresh water: 70% is ICE (glaciers, etc.) 29% is ground water The remaining 10% is split between surface water, soil, and air.

19. River Basins River basins are where all of the water in an area drains into a river. We live in the Lumber River Basin. The largest river basin in NC is the Cape Fear River Basin. River Basins are made from several watersheds.

20. Monitoring the Hydrosphere The hydrosphere is all of the water on Earth. It is important to monitor the hydrosphere so we can predict droughts, hurricanes, floods, etc. There are three ways we monitor the hydrosphere: Remote Sensing – works best over LARGE AREAS Spectral Analysis Ground Truthing– works best with SMALL areas

21. Ground Truthing This works best over small areas. It is when a person visits a site and draws a map of what he/she sees. It can be used to verify images captured with satellites.

22. Question 1 • Which of the following would be best used to study the drought conditions in a region? • satellite imagery • water witching • GPS • ground truthing

23. 2 • Which of the following technologies would be the most effective means of monitoring water availability over a large area? • satellite imagery • water witching • GPS • ground truthing

24. 3 • What process accounts for the fact that the water on Earth now is the same water that has been on Earth for 4 billion years? • Nitrogen Cycle • Water Cycle • Kreb’s Cycle • Life Cycle

25. 4 • What explanation can be used to describe the situation in the test tube shown above? • Water is polar and oil is polar therefore the two substances will not mix. • Water is nonpolar and oil is nonpolar therefore the two substances will not mix. • Water is nonpolar and oil is polar therefore the two substances will not mix. • Water is polar and oil is nonpolar therefore the two substances will not mix.

26. 5 • Which 2 sources of freshwater are used by municipalities for drinking water? • oceans and icebergs • groundwater and oceans • rivers and groundwater • icebergs and rivers

27. 6 • Which is an example of water condensing? • A puddle disappearing on a hot summer afternoon • Sweat forming on your forehead after you do a lot of exercise • Ice cubes melting when you put them out in the sun • Dew forming on plants during a cold night

28. 7 • What property of water is most important for living organisms? • It is odorless. • It does not conduct electricity. • It is tasteless. • It is a liquid at most temperatures on Earth.

29. 8 • Which of the following would be the best model to show the interactions between water and the Sun's heat energy in cycles of precipitation? • A light shines on an aquarium covered with glass, and water droplets form on the inside of the glass. • A light shines on a closed cardboard box containing a plant. • A light shines on a man's face. Droplets of sweat form on his face as he exercises. • A light shines on a glass of iced tea. Water droplets form on the outside of the glass.