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And especially the NSFnet, as well as that of the European Internet (Special thanks to J. Jamison/Juniper, H. Boyles/UCAID, Tom Defanti/UIC). Lecture # 1 presented at the 26 th International Nathiagali Summer College, 25 th June – 14 th July, Nathiagali, Pakistan Olivier H. Martin

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  1. And especially the NSFnet,as well as that of the European Internet(Special thanks to J. Jamison/Juniper, H. Boyles/UCAID, Tom Defanti/UIC) Lecture # 1 presented at the 26th International Nathiagali Summer College, 25th June – 14th July, Nathiagali, Pakistan Olivier H. Martin CERN - IT Division June 2001 Olivier.Martin@cern.ch A short history of the Internet

  2. Presentation Outline • Major US Internet milestones • Major European Internet milestones • Internet2, vBNS, Abilene • Structure of the Commercial/Commodity Internet • Peering vs Transit • The critical role of Internet Exchange Points • STAR TAP, STAR LIGHT • Academic & Research Networks in Europe • TEN-155 • GEANT • Some examples • Main differences between US & European A&R networks A short history of the Internet

  3. Major US Research Internet milestones • 1985 – April 1995: NSFnet • connects 5 NSF Sponsored SCCs • serves as the Internet’s backbone • April 1995: NSFnet Shuts down • Internet now served by multiple commercial backbones • Same Day in April 1995: vBNS comes online • Connects 5 NSF Sponsored SCCs: CTC, NCAR, NCSA, PSC, SDSC • And 4 NAPS: Ameritech, MFS (MAE-East), PacBell, Sprint • October 1996: Internet2 Started A good & exhaustive history of NSFNET can be found at http://moat.nlanr.net/INFRA/NSFNET.html A short history of the Internet

  4. vBNS, Abilene • 1997 vBNS’ role expanded to include service to the Top 100 US Research Universities • February 1999: Abilene begins nationwide operations: • Main sponsors (Qwest, Cisco, Nortel) • 2.5 Gbps Packet over Sonet backbone • April 2000: NSF grants a 3 year extension of the vBNS project on a no cost (to NSF) basis • 2nd Half of 2000: Abilene modifies its charter to allow it to serve a larger community including K-12 schools A short history of the Internet

  5. Major European Research Internet milestones (1) • June 1989: RIPE (Reseaux IP Europeens) • February 1990: IBM’s EASInet initiative • links between IBM supercomputer sites • T1 connection to NSFnet (CERN-Cornell University) • June 1990 • Official end of the protocol war (OSI vs TCP/IP) on the occasion of the Joint European Networking conference in Killarney. • Creation of the IEPG (Intercontinental Engineering Planning Group) under the auspices of CCIRN (Coordination Committee for Intercontinental Research Networks). A short history of the Internet

  6. Major European Research Internet milestones (2) • 1991, Creation of the ad-hoc EBONE (European Backbone) consortium and deployment of a 2Mbps infrastructure. • Deployment of various backbones co-funded by the European Union and National Research Networks: • 1992, IXI (International X25 Infrastructure), a 64 Kbps backbone • 1994, EMPB (European Multi-Protocol Backbone), a 2Mbps backbone • 1996, TEN-34, a 34 Mbps backbone • 1998, TEN-155, a 155Mbps backbone • 2001, GEANT, a 10Gbps backbone • Europe who was way behind America in terms of available & affordable bandwidth finally closes its gap, thanks to the very successful deregulation of the Telecom Market in 1998. A short history of the Internet

  7. Internet2 • Internet2 is a consortium being led by over 180 Universities working in partnership with industry and government to develop and deploy advanced network applications, accelerating the completion of tomorrows Internet. • The primary goals of Internet2 are to: • Create a leading edge network capability for the national research community • Enable revolutionary Internet applications • Ensure the rapid transfer of new network services and applications to the broader Internet community • http://www.internet2.edu/httt://www.internet2.edu A short history of the Internet

  8. Internet2 Project Background • Internet2 project formed in 1996 by 34 U.S. universities • Current members: • 185 U.S. universities • 70+ for-profit corporations • 30+ not-for-profit organizations • CERN is the only non-US affiliate member with special collaboration site status (i.e. same as regular US University) • In close partnership with: • U.S. government • 30+ national networking organizations of other countries • University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development (UCAID) is the not for profit corporate home of the Internet2 project A short history of the Internet

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  12. Commodity Internet Structure Tier 1 (Global) Tier 2 IXP Tier3 A short history of the Internet

  13. Peering • Peering • Technical terms referring to the exchange of Internet routes through BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), i.e. • Internet Service Provider A exchanges routes (list of networks) with Internet Service Provider B across a layer 2 link (long distance link, IXP). • Simplest form of peering is to exchange the routes of its respective customers. A short history of the Internet

  14. Transit • Transit • A more complex form of peering where you exchange all the routes you know in addition to your own routes • Implies that you agree to carry transit traffic usually at a charge, e.g • ISP “A” is a Tier1 ISP providing Global connectivity to ISP “B”, a Tier2 ISP • Publicly funded backbones are usually forbidden to provide transit (e,g, vBNS, Esnet, TEN-155/GEANT). A short history of the Internet

  15. ITN • International Transit Network • A collaboration between STAR TAP, CA*net3 and Abilene to support International Research Net Transit across North America • Transit provided to some Research Nets from Europe, Asia, & Latin America, according to some very strict & specific rules • e.g. Abilene will not transit traffic from non-US networks to US networks A short history of the Internet

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  17. The critical role of Internet Exchange Points • Traditionally, Internet Exchange Points (IXP) is where packets get lost! • Remember there are only four places where congestion, hence packet losses, can occur: • Server • Backbone • Public/private IXP • Client • Indeed and for whatever reason, Internet Service Providers tend to under-dimension their bandwidth at major peering points. A short history of the Internet

  18. Evolution of Internet Exchange Points • It all started with the CIX (Commercial Internet Exchange), back in 1991 • Then the GIX (Global Internet Exchange) in Washington DC • Then the MAE family of exchange points using MFS Datanet technology: • Mae-East, Mae-West, Mae-Central • And following the decommissioning of the NSFnet backbone, the NAPs (Neutral Access Points) with the concept of route servers to simplify peerings: • Sprint NAP (New-York) • PacBell NAP (San Francisco) • Chicago NAP (Ameritech) A short history of the Internet

  19. Evolution of Internet Exchange Points (cont) • Most IXPs are layer 2 exchanges, with switched (10/100/1000) Ethernet, but there are still some legacy hierarchical FDDI rings in operation, and one of the largest NAP (AADS/STAR TAP in Chicago) is still using ATM. • From the very beginning the major problem has been about scaling: • In the USA, some IXPs (e.g. MAE-East, Sprint N-Y NAP) used to suffer from chronic, 30% or more, packet loss rates! • Hence rather more private than public peerings between Tier1/2 ISPs. • Private peerings can be implemented as back to back connections at the IXP. • Fairly few distributed IXPs A short history of the Internet

  20. Evolution of Internet Exchange Points (cont) • Europe has been rather more successful than the USA: • Started later with Ethernet switched technology, usually from the beginning • Internet rather less developed hence less traffic and also less ISPs. • Distributed IXPs are becoming common. • Private peerings less spread than in the USA • Can be implemented at public IXP • Few ATM based IXPs. A short history of the Internet

  21. The Future of Internet Exchange Points • Until Gigabit Ethernet appeared, ATM based IXPs could offer ports at up to 622Mbps (e.g. STAR TAP in Chicago) hence: • Better performance, • Scalability • Inherently distributed • However, with the advent of Gigabit Ethernet and the promise of 10Gigabit Ethernet very soon, ATM is now almost dead as a layer 2 IXP technology. • Rapid advances in optical network technology, ubiquitous deployment of fiber optic cables throughout Europe with DWDM, hold the promise of “all optical networks” with a wealth of wavelengths (lambda) to “play” with: • possibly on an end to end basis • and in a (semi) dynamic manner. • Rapid advances in MAN technology offer the prospect of new advanced distributed IXPs with more functionalities. • STAR LIGHT (Chicago), the next generation STAR TAP A short history of the Internet

  22. Telecom Operators & dark fibre providers: Cablecom, COLT, diAx, France Telecom, Global Crossing, GTS/EBONE, KPNQwest, LTT(*), Multilink, MCI/Worldcom, SIG, Sunrise, Swisscom (Switzerland), Swisscom (France), Thermelec, 360networks (*). Internet Service Providers include: Infonet, AT&T Global Network Services (formerly IBM), Cablecom, C&W, Carrier1, Colt, DFI, Deckpoint, Deutsche Telekom, diAx (dplanet), Easynet, Ebone//GTS, Eunet/KPNQwest, France Telecom OpenTransit, Global-One, Globix, HP, INSnet/Wisper InterNeXt, ISDnet/Ipergy, IS Internet Services (ISION), LTT(*), Madge.web, Net Work Communications (NWC), PSI Networks (IProlink), MCI/Worldcom, Petrel, Renater, Sita/Equant,Sunrise, Swisscom IP-Plus, SWITCH, TEN-155, Urbanet, VTX, Uunet (*). CERN Internet Exchange Point (CIXP) isp isp Telecom operators c i x p isp isp isp isp isp isp CERN firewall Telecom operators Cern Internal Network A short history of the Internet

  23. STAR TAP • Science, Technology And Research Transit Access Point • International Connection Point for Research and Education Networks at the Ameritech NAP in Chicago • Project goal: to facilitate the long-term interconnection and interoperability of advanced international networking in support of applications, performance measuring, and technology evaluations. • Hosts the 6 TAP - IPv6 Meet Point • http://www.startap.nethttp://www.startap.net/ A short history of the Internet

  24. STAR TAP (cont) • One of three Internet eXchange Points provided by AADS (Ameritech Advanced Data Services) out of a huge ATM switch, namely: • Chicago NAP • MREN (Metropolitan Research and Education Network), the local Internet2 GigaPoP. • STAR TAP • A by-product is a full mesh of ATM VC with ALL the connected ISPs, thus making it easy to establish peerings and/or to buy commercial Internet services (e.g. NAP.NET). • No transit issues because of its non-distributed nature. A short history of the Internet

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  26. Infrastructure Engineering Support and Advanced Services Technology evaluations Applications support Performance measurement QoS testbeds Education and Outreach Documentation Conference participation Host annual meetings Team Building Liaison to network consortia Application communities Layer 2 ATM Connection Point Racks at AADS NAP front/back views What is STAR TAP? Managed by UIC in collaboration with Argonne National Laboratory, Northwestern (MREN/iCAIR) and Indiana University; operated by Ameritech Advanced Data Services www.startap.net A short history of the Internet

  27. The STAR LIGHT • Next generation STAR TAP with the following main distinguishing features: • Neutral location (Northwestern University) • 1/10 Gigabit Ethernet based • Multiple local loop providers • Optical switches for advanced experiments • GMPLS, OBGP • The STAR LIGHT will provide 2*622 Mbps ATM connection to the STAR TAP • Should start in July 2001 • Also hosting other advanced projects in Chicago & Illinois A short history of the Internet

  28. UC AADS ATM UIC ANL UIUC StarLight: The Optical STAR TAP SURF net BN STAR TAP Purdue Star Light OC-12 GigE NU Evanston iCAIR IUPUI NU Chicago GigE IU Bloom-ington I-WIRE & Optical MREN CERN CA*net4 Bell Nexxia (Chicago) ? A short history of the Internet

  29. Academic & Research Networking • Very different approaches taken in Europe & USA, difficult to say which one is best, but the concept of having a single Internet plug providing access to both the commodity Internet and the Academic & Research (A&R) community Internet worldwide may not viable for ever? • While the future of National Research & Education Networks (NREN) is well assured in Europe, the situation is much less clear in the USA (e.g. future of Abilene after 2003 when current agreement with Qwest terminates)? A short history of the Internet

  30. Academic & Research Networking in Europe • Focus on Research & Education, also includes access to the commodity Internet. • The TERENA compendium of NREN is an excellent source of information (e.g. funding, focus, budget, staff) • Hierarchical structure with pan-European backbone co-funded by the European Union (EU) interconnecting the various national networks (one per country, natural monopoly?). • TEN-155 (Trans-European 155 Mbps) • 155Mbps ATM core initially, recently upgraded to 622Mbps Packet over Sonet (POS) • still strong ATM focus • Managed Bandwidth Service (MBS) to support special needs & European Union projects. • Will terminate in December 2001 • Map available at: http://www.dante.net/ten-155/ten155net.gif A short history of the Internet

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  32. The GEANT Project • 4 years project started on December 1, 2000 • call for tender issued June 2000, closed September 2000, adjudication made in June 2001 • first parts to be delivered in September 2001. • Provisional cost estimate: 233 MEuro • EC contribution 87 MEuro (37%), of which 62% will be spent during year1 in order to keep NRN’s contributions stable (i.e. 36MEuro/year). • Several 2.5/10Gbps rings (mostly over unprotected lambdas, three main Telecom Providers (Colt/DT/Telia): • West ring (2*half rings) provided by COLT (UK-SE-DE-IT-CH-FR) • East legs and miscellaneous circuits provided by Deutsche Telekom (e.g. CH-AT, CZ-DE) • Access: mostly via 2.5 Gbps circuits • Routers: Juniper (likely) or Cisco A short history of the Internet

  33. The GEANT Project (cont.) • Connection to other World Regions • in principle via core nodes only, They will, together, form a European Distributed Access (EDA) “point” conceptually similar to the STAR TAP. • Projected Services & Applications • standard (i.e. best effort) IP service • premium IP service (diffserv’s Expedited Forwarding (EF)) • guaranteed capacity service (GCS), using diffserv’s Assured Forwarding (AF)) • Virtual Private Networking (VPN), layer2 (?) & layer 3 • Native Multicast • Various Grid projects (e.g. DataGrid) expected to be leading applications. • Use of MPLS anticipated for traffic engineering, VPN (e.g. DataGrid, IPv6). A short history of the Internet

  34. Examples of advanced European NRENs (1) • Surfnet/GigaPort (NL) • The project includes the deployment of Surfnet-5 with up to 80Mbps backbone circuits and up to 2*10Gbps access circuits in 2002. • 3 year project with Telfort (circuits) & Cisco. • GPRS (next generation mobile services) project with Libertel & Ericsson • International connectivity: • 4*155 Mbps to Europe via TEN-155 (Aug. 2000) • 2*622 Mbps to USA (STARLIGHT) via TeleGlobe (USA) and Global Crossing (Summer 2001), 2.5Gbps research circuit over lambda to STARLIGHT (Teleglobe, Fall 2001). • Amsterdam Internet Exchange Point A short history of the Internet

  35. Examples of advanced European NRENs (2) • DFN/G-WIN (DE) • Backbone (2.5 Gbps circuits initially) and USA links (2*622Mbps) provided by Deutsche Telecom (DT)). • Routers provided by Cisco (GSR12016 & GSR8/40) • 10 level 1 PoPs (hosted by DT, topology flexible) • 18 level 2 PoPs (all located at DFN institutions, topology fixed) • Phase I (June 2000) - up to 2.5 Gbps circuits • Phase II (Sept. 2001) - multiple 2.5 Gbps circuits • Phase III (Sept. 2002) - up to 10 Gbps circuits • Phase IV (Sept. 2003) - multiple 10 Gbps circuits A short history of the Internet

  36. Examples of advanced European NRENs (3) • DFN (G-WIN) • access up to 622Mbps in 2001, then 2.5Mbps and 10Gbps (2003), from customer site to Level 2 PoP or Level 1 PoP • Services • IP best effort from 128K to 2.5Gbps • DFN-Connect (SDH Point-to-point) at up to 2.5Gbps. • DFN-ATM (probably through DT’s commercial ATM service). • Direct acces to WDM channels foreseen like Surfnet (GigaPort) • Pricing: 622Mbps, 25 TB/month ---> 1450 KDM/year (a 1Mbps stream consumes 0.324 TB/month, so 25TB allows approximately 77Mbps, i.e. 8% usage) A short history of the Internet

  37. Various NREN models (UK) University MAN MAN Colleges Internet Backbone SuperJANET4 United Kingdom MAN University GEANT MAN University A short history of the Internet

  38. Various NREN models (IT) University PoP PoP Colleges Internet Backbone GARR-B Italy PoP University GEANT Abilene University A short history of the Internet

  39. Various NREN models (FR) University Regional Regional Colleges Internet Backbone RENATER II France Regional University GEANT Regional Colleges A short history of the Internet

  40. Various NREN models (CH) University Internet Backbone University SWITCH (dark fiber) Switzerland University CERN GEANT A short history of the Internet

  41. Academic & Research Networking in the USA • Focus on research & advanced applications • hence, separate connections to commodity Internet and research backbone (GigaPoP) • lot of resistance to connect K-12 schools, however this was finally agreed • Internet2 infrastructure: • vBNS • Abilene • STAR TAP / STAR LIGHT • Internet2 projects: • Digital Video Initiative (DVI), • Digital Storage Infrastructure (DSI), • Qbone, • Surveyor • Commons A short history of the Internet

  42. Internet2 model Internet University GigaPoP GigaPoP Colleges Internet Abilene & VBNS (USA) Backbone University GigaPoP GigaPoP University Internet • GigaPoP: • Single point (MREN) • Distributed (CALREN) University A short history of the Internet

  43. More Info and Maps • ARENA • Advanced Research and Education Network Atlas • A web accessible compendium of information about research and education (R&E) networks around the world • http://arena.internet2.edu/ http://arena.internet2.edu • TERENA • Trans-European Research & Education Networking Association • http://www.terena.nlhttp://www.terena.nl • NLANR • National Laboratory for Applied Network Research • http://www.nlanr.net A short history of the Internet

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