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Motivation as Understood Through Self-Determination Theory

Motivation as Understood Through Self-Determination Theory. Kara DiCecco Educ 8101-1 How Adults Learn: Theory and Research Walden University. MOTIVATION THEORY. Reinforcement theory. Deci 1975. Self-worth theory. Goal attainment theory. Self-determination theory. deCharms 1968.

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Motivation as Understood Through Self-Determination Theory

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  1. Motivationas Understood Through Self-Determination Theory Kara DiCecco Educ 8101-1 How Adults Learn: Theory and Research Walden University

  2. MOTIVATION THEORY Reinforcement theory Deci 1975 Self-worth theory Goal attainment theory Self-determination theory deCharms 1968 White 1959 Power motivation Attribution theory Self-efficacy theory Expectancy-value theory Drive theory Murray 1938 Self-actualization theory

  3. As an instructor of adult learners, how do you construct your course design? What elements do you consistently include?

  4. After this presentation the participant will 1) Recognize the evolution of motivational theory in human behavior 2) Analyze the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation 3) Create a three item plan how to motivate the student learner by increasing internalization of assigned tasks

  5. The Puzzle People: Part I Harlow’s (first) Monkeys [1949]

  6. Behavioral View:Hull’s Drive Theory [1943]

  7. Cognitive View:Piaget [1952] Organisms are intrinsically motivated to encounter activities which involve some assimilation and accommodation.

  8. Skinner’s Operant Theory [1953] Extrinsic rewards provided for expected behaviors and behaviors are reinforced and subject motivated to perform.

  9. Humanistic View:Carl Rogers [1959] ‘Actualizing tendency’ is motivational and presumably innate

  10. Abraham Maslow [1968, 1970] Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  11. Maslow’s Hierarchy Expanded [1976] Peak Experience Adult Learners

  12. The Puzzle People: Part II Edward Deci – [1969] The Soma Cube Observation

  13. A Working Definition Among Disciplines “Motivation is the process of instigating and sustaining goal-directed behavior.” -Schunk (as cited in Schunk, 2012)- “Motivation is an internal state that arouses learners, steers them in particular directions, and keeps them engaged in certain activities. -Omrod (as cited in Lei, 2010)- “A desire to explore our own unique skills and abilities, find creative solutions, and learn new information” -Harlow (as cited in Pink, 2011)-

  14. Our Heroes at the University of Rochester

  15. Self Determination Theory (SDT) Richard M. Ryan. PhD Edward L. Deci, PhD

  16. Self-Determination Theory

  17. Macro theory that focuses on… … the human organism’s innate psychological needs of… Autonomy Competence Relatedness And how they are essential to motivation

  18. Intrinsic Motivation Doing an activity for its inherent satisfaction The Person The Task Motivation

  19. SDT Sub-theories Cognitive Evaluation Theory (OIT) Organismic Integration Theory (CET) Causation Orientations Theory (COT) Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT) Goals Contents Theory (GCT)

  20. Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET) A closer look… Looked to identify factors that contribute to sense of competence Competence + Autonomy = Sustained intrinsic motivation

  21. Extrinsic Motivation The task is completed to obtain some separable outcome The Person The Reward The Task

  22. 4 Categories of Extrinsic Motivation Lowest to highest perceived autonomy

  23. External Regulation External perceived locus of causality (least autonomous) The Person The Reward The Task

  24. Introjected Regulation Yeah me! External perceived locus of causality Ego at stake The Person (i.e. feel pride or to avoid guilt) The Task

  25. Identified Regulation Internal perceived locus of causality The Person Mastery is important The Task

  26. Integrated Regulation Internal perceived locus of causality (greatest autonomy) Mastery with The Person integration of values and principles The Task+

  27. Strategies to InternalizingMotivation Autonomy: Allow a voice and a choice Competence: look for opportunity to allow student to gain experience and work beyond expectations Relatedness: Provide prompt and timely feedback encouraging efforts

  28. Strategies to Internalize Motivation Design challenging activities Decrease instructor surveillance Provide meaningful rationale for assignment Involve students in individual-learner goal setting Establish a sense of belonging and feeling connected External rewards (when used) should be random and equitable

  29. Motivation in the Workplace A word about two theories among many about motivation in the workplace…

  30. Herzberg [1950s] Two Categories Motivation Factors contribute to job satisfaction Hygiene Factors must be present to meet employee expectations and prevent job dissatisfaction

  31. McGregor [1960] Theory

  32. Future Research that expands SDT

  33. “The Flow Experience”The Optimal Challenge The state of total involvement in an activity that consumes one’s complete attention.

  34. Goal Reframing in Motivation Goals! GOALS G O A L S

  35. Open Source Projects MIT/Harvard Yale Stanford Attend MIT, Harvard, Yale… FREE! Researchers at the University of Rochester have discovered that allowing individuals to autonomously create and collaborate with others in an altruistic manner can increase intrinsic motivation. Open courseware is one end product of the motivating, creative and collaborative effort (Pink, 2011). Atlassian Google Labs Open Courseware Open Software

  36. “SDT is of much import in the domain of education, in which students’ natural tendencies to learn represent perhaps the greatest resource educators can tap.” Niemiec and Ryan, 2009

  37. Musical Finale

  38. In the Mood Artist: Bette Midler

  39. Self-determination theory by Edward L. Deci & Richard M. Ryan A Musical Review

  40. Assumptions Challenged Harlow Even without controlled stimulus the monkeys play with the puzzles to solve them….hmmm…

  41. Deci Interesting, there is a girlie magazine (it was1969) on the table yet the young, collegiate males are choosing to work on the puzzle cube… hmmm…

  42. Hull thought… Needs must be met so that motivation drives behavior.

  43. Skinner thought… External rewards could predict behavior and reinforcement would motivate subject to perform.

  44. Rogers thought… Actualizing tendency is motivational and presumably innate Ghandi Rogers Coincidence?

  45. Maslow thought… ?

  46. Piaget thought… and thought… and thought… and thought… We are motivated toward activities which involve assimilation and accommodation.

  47. Motivation is instigating and sustaining goal-directed behavior

  48. Self-determination theory A human being’s innate psychological needs are Autonomy Competence Relatedness

  49. Intrinsically Motivated Is motivated by the task itself Finds enjoyment in the lesson

  50. 5 Sub-theories of SDT Cognitive Evaluation Theory Organismic Integration Theory Causation Orientations Theory Basic Psychological Needs Theory Goal Contents Theory

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