Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present Dr. Ashlea Smith Comer, Fundamentals ofAbnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition – Chapter 1

2. Discussion • Do you believe in ghosts or the supernatural? • Why should we diagnose someone? • Are there gender differences in diagnoses? • Define mental illness and do you believe there is a stigma associated with this? • Do you feel that children are being over medicated nowadays? • What do you think when you hear the word state hospital, mental/psychiatric hospital? • If you had to experience the life of someone with a psychological disorder, which would it be and why? • Do you believe in GEI Guilty Except Insane?

3. What Is Psychological Abnormality? • Deviance (different from society’s view of “Norm”) • Distress (Impacts all aspects of life) • Dysfunction (Interferes with ADL’s-Activities of Daily Living-grooming etc.) • Danger (DTO Danger to others, DTS Danger to Self, ex. Cutting, self-injury) • The Elusive Nature of Abnormality (abnormal patterns of functioning considered to be all the above) Comer, Fundamentals ofAbnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition – Chapter 1

4. Jeffrey Dahmer

5. Charles Manson

6. Ted Bundy

7. Blanche Taylor Moore

8. Marilyn Monroe

9. Deviance • 39% of People confess to snooping in their host’s medicine cabinets (tell story of addicts) • 30% Those of people refuse to sit on a public toilet seat • 27% Of People admit to taking too many items through the express line • 10% of People believe they have seen a ghost • 5% of sunbathed in the nude

10. What Is Treatment? Comer, Fundamentals ofAbnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition – Chapter 1

11. Treatment/Therapy Seek treatment as last resort Crisis/intake to gather medical history (hx) (signs, symptoms, observations, talk to family, signif. Others) Personalized to each indiv. Psychological testing Diagnostic criteria Evaluate DTO/DTS behavior Hx of substance abuse In/outpatient Medication Therapy/support groups/counseling

12. Treatment Team • Includes but not limited to: • Case managers • Psychiatric Social workers • Psychiatrist (M.D., D.O.) • Psychologist (Ph.D., Psy. D., Ed.D.) • Recreational Therapist/ OT/PT • Dieticians • Psychiatric Nurses • Behavioral Technician/Psych Techs

13. Video • http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/26447010#26447010 (Part one) • http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/26447041#26447041 (Part two) • http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/26447026#26447026 (Part three)

14. How Was Abnormality Viewed and Treated in the Past? • Ancient Views and Treatments • Greek and Roman Views and Treatments • Europe in the Middle Ages: Demonology Returns Comer, Fundamentals ofAbnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition – Chapter 1

15. How Was Abnormality Viewed and Treated in the Past? (continued) • The Renaissance and the Rise of Asylums • Eugenics • The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment • The Early Twentieth Century: The Somatogenic and Psychogenic Perspectives Comer, Fundamentals ofAbnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition – Chapter 1

16. Ancient Views (Stone Age/Cavemen Time) • Body/Mind controlled by good v. evil • Abnormal behavior=evil spirits taken over body • Treatment/cure=Trephination • Exorcism • Use of Shamans/priests • Beliefs about disease/disability=devil, punishment, germs, & evil spirits (common theme throughout) • Treatment more accessible by rich (common throughout hx)

17. Greeks/Romans • Hippocrates (460-377 BC) “Father of modern medicine” • Abnormal behavior=“brain disease”, imbalance of humors • Humors consist of: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm

18. Europe “Middle Ages” • “Power of the Clergy” • Science rejected Religion controlled all education and all aspects of life • Superstition and demons • Conflict btw good v. evil • Exorcism • Alternative tx (i.e.. Whipping, bleeding, scalding hot water, stretching etc.)

19. The Renaissance “Asylums” • Witchcraft • Johann Weyer (1515-1588) Founded Modern Psychopathology • Mind and body could experience physical illness/sickness • Hospitals & Monasteries converted into “asylums” • Initially intended to provide good, quality care for people w/ mental illness later became more like prisons

20. Eugenics • See Table 1.1 pg 12 in book • “Social philosophy” to improve the passing down of hereditary traits • More perfect race • Selective breeding • Methods to carry this out: sterilization, marriage regulation, lethal chamber etc.

21. 19th Century • Moral treatment • Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) • State hospitals=state run/funded institutions that house people with severe mental illness

22. Early 20th century • Decline of moral movement • Key Perspectives: somatogenic and psychogenic • Somatogenic=biological causes • Psychogenic=psychological causes within brain • Deinstitutionalization movement

23. Current Trends • How Are People with Severe Disturbances Cared For?=medication, in/out patient, residential centers, private psychotherapy, state hospitals, group homes, counseling etc., acute care hospital stays • How Are People with Less Severe Disturbances Treated? See above • A Growing Emphasis on Preventing Disorders and Promoting Mental Health • Target those at risk=people in lower SES, poverty, crime-affected areas to implement programs in the community • Positive psychology=positive feelings/thinking to promote well-being Comer, Fundamentals ofAbnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition – Chapter 1

24. Current Trends (continued) • The Growing Influence of Insurance Coverage • Private insurance PPO, HMO (Managed care programs), state funded programs, out of pocket pay • What Are Today’s Leading Theories and Professions? • Psychiatrists • Psychologists • Counselors/therapists • Social Workers • Nurses • Dieticians • Case Managers Comer, Fundamentals ofAbnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition – Chapter 1

25. What Do Clinical Researchers Do? • Need for research to explain why people do the things they do • 3 Primary methods below • The Case Study • The Correlational Method • The Experimental Method • What Are the Limits of Clinical Investigations? Comer, Fundamentals ofAbnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition – Chapter 1

26. Case Study • Detailed account lots of information on one single person • Description of psychological problems/life • Unique • Can not generalize to population • Phineas Gage

27. Correlational Study • “relationship” btw variables • Subjects/participants-people chosen or volunteer to participate in research • 2 Forms: Epidemiological (incidence of new cases) (prevalence of total # in a population) • Longitudinal observe same subjects over a period of time (years) • IV predictor variable causes change in DV • DV response variable • Two groups: Control v. Experimental • Random selection • Ethics/Subjects Rights

28. Experimental Design • Blind design=participants do not know if they are in the control or experimental group avoid bias • Quasi-experimental-mixed methods group already exists in the world • Natural experiment=research to study natural events: Hurricane Katrina, 911, floods, earthquakes, etc. • Analogue experiments=conducted in lab to mimic abnormal behavior signs/symptoms ex: repeatedly showing pictures of snakes etc. • Single subject=conducted in a lab observe before and after treatment to compare potential differences

29. Putting It Together: A Work in Progress Comer, Fundamentals ofAbnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition – Chapter 1