Exploration & Expansion

Exploration & Expansion Chap. 16

Foundations of Exploration • The Drive to Explore • Age of Exploration was driven by the search for wealth • Many explorers hoped to find faster routes to Asia • Some set out to find glory and fame • Others to spread faith in new lands • Simple curiosity

b. Advances in Technology • The compass and astrolabe • Allowed sailors to plot courses even when they were out of sight of land • Advances in shipbuilding • Deep-draft ships • Were capable of withstanding heavier waves than earlier ships could • The Carvel ship • Light and fast • Two features • Steered with a rudder at the rear of the ship • Lateen sails (triangular) • Could be moved to catch the wind from any direction • Could be armed with weapons

Portugal & Spain • The Portuguese • 1st country to launch large-scale voyages of exploration • Henry the Navigator • Son of King John I of Portugal • Not an explorer, but a Patron and supporter of those who wished to explore • Established a small court of sailors, mapmakers, astronomers, and others interested in navigation • Sent expeditions to islands in the Atlantic and western coast of Africa

Bartlomeu Dias- 1488 first European to sail around Cape of Good Hope, but turned back due to storms • Christopher Columbus- 1492 sail to the Indies, but instead Caribbean, 3 more voyages • Amerigo Vespucci 1502 NOT ASIA! • Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1513 first European to Pacific crossing the Isthmus of Panama • Ferdinand Magellan leaves Spain 1519, 5 ships, 250 men…killed in Philippines but return 1522 18 survivors, CIRCUMNAVIGATE

English • John Cabot 1497 to Canada • Sir Francis Drake-second to circumnavigate • Henry Hudson- 1607 first voyage, 1609 for Dutch discover Hudson River • First colony at Jamestown 1607 • 1620 Pilgrims establish at Plymouth, MA • View natib=ves with distrust and anger

French • Jacques Cartier 1534 to find Northwest Passage, claims all land along St Lawrence River in Canada • Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec 1608 • Rene-Robert LaSalle down Mississippi claims region for king Louis • New France had few settlers, mostly for resources fish and furs • No enslavement of native population

British French conflict • Mid 1700s British colonist began attempting to settle in French territory in the upper Ohio River Valley • War broke out in 1754 • British vs. French and Indians • War went badly for the British at first • Turning point was when the British took Quebec • French eventually surrendered • Yielded Canada and all French territory east of the Mississippi

Netherlands • Henry Hudson • New Amsterdam- 1626 governor buys island of Manhatten from natives • Focus on developing colonies in other regions which were more profitable

Spain builds an Empire • Spain in the Caribbean • Settled islands in the Caribbean, such as Hispaniola and Cuba • Hoped to find gold but didn’t • Introduced the encomienda system • Colonist were given an amount of land and certain number of Native Americans to work the land • In return colonist were required to teach natives about Christianity • System was disastrous for Native Americas • Overworked and mistreated • Disease spread i.e. smallpox • No resistance to the illness, million die ( went from a pop. of 50 million down to a pop. of 4 million)

Conquistadors • Hernan Cortez- Mexico vs. Aztec leader Moctezuma 1519 • Francisco Pizarro- Peru v Atahualpa 1532, demand accept Christianity, take prisoner, kills him • Appoint VICEROY as local government • Locals work in agriculture, disease and mistreatment kills 90%

v. Bartolome de Las Casas • Was a priest • Was appalled at the mistreatment of the Native Americans • Wanted to protect those that remained • Recommended replacing them as labors with imported African slaves

Treaty of Tordesillas • Signed in 1494 • Drew imaginary line through the Atlantic • Everything west was given to Spain, everything east to Portugal • Only Brazil remained under the control of Portugal • Slow to develop with huge farming estates

New Patterns of Trade • COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE pgs. 483-484 • Columbian Exchange is the name historians give this period of time. It is the exchanging of goods between the New World and Europe • Read the section and create a graphic organizer that shows what goods were traded and also the effects of the Columbian Exchange

Mercantalism • A New Economic Policy • Mercantilism • Basic principle was that a nation’s wealth depended on its wealth • Wealth was measured by how much gold and silver that a nation possessed • Led to intense competition between nations for wealth during the 1500s and 1600s

b. Balance of Trade Mercantilist believed you should build wealth by two ways: • Extract gold and silver from mines at home or in the colonies • Sell more goods than it bought from foreign countries • Would create a favorable balance of trade • Add a tax or tariff to make imported goods more expensive (buy local) • Provide subsidies to local producers to make local goods cheaper

C. Colonies • Building colonies was essential to mercantilism • Meant to control sources of raw materials and proved new markets for manufactured goods • Only existed to benefit the mother country • Restricted economic activities • Could only buy and sell with the mother country • Impact on society: towns grow and merchants rich

Rise of Capitalism A.Capitalismemerges Capitalism • It is an economic system • Most economic activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations to seek a profit • B. rising prices • C. New Business organization: The Joint Stock Company-investors buy stock in a company to share the profit and risk to the venture (first is the British East India Company)

Atlantic Slave Trade • The Atlantic Slave Trade • Plantations • Estates where cash crops (i.e. sugar and tobacco) were grown on a large scale • Native Americans were 1st source of labor for these estates • Indentured Servants • People who worked for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to the Americas • Expensive to maintain

4. African Labor • Forcibly taken to the Americas • Most were from West Africa • Some were supplied by African rulers in exchange for European fire arms • Others were kidnapped by Europeans on slave trade

ii. Triangular Trade • Ships carrying European goods to Africa in exchange for slaves • Middle Passage • Journey of Africans to the Americas to be sold as Slaves • OlaudahEquiano • Former slave • Wrote about the horrific conditions for those on the slave ships • 10-20% did not survive the journey • Carried American products such as sugar, rice and tobacco to Europe

Living Conditions • Most worked on Plantations • Skilled craft workers continued their trade • Women were sometimes given basic domestic duties as servants and cooks • Had to meet their own basic needs (cooking, cleaning, mending clothes) at the end of the work day • Living conditions were harsh. Owners and overseers inflicted physical and degrading punishment for minor offenses

b. Resistance • Laws saw slaves as property • Some resisted by trying to keep cultural traditions alive • Some slowed down their work or destroyed equipment • Some revolted • Others escaped and established communities of runaways in remote areas

Exploration & Expansion