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The Civil Rights Movement --Demands for Civil Rights

The Civil Rights Movement --Demands for Civil Rights Setting the Scene: 1947, Jackie Robinson—breaking baseball’s color barrier 1954, Brown v. Board of Education 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson had established “separate but equal” How does that work? Hypothetical world?

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The Civil Rights Movement --Demands for Civil Rights

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  1. The Civil Rights Movement • --Demands for Civil Rights • Setting the Scene: 1947, Jackie Robinson—breaking baseball’s color barrier • 1954, Brown v. Board of Education • 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson had established “separate but equal” • How does that work? Hypothetical world? • NAACP brings case in Topeka, KS • Court rules that “separate is inherently unequal…” • 1955, The Montgomery Bus Boycott (what’s a boycott?) • Buses in the south were segregated by law • “de jure” segregation vs. “de facto” segregation • Rosa Parks • Boycott brought public attention, Supreme Court outlawed that segregation as well.

  2. The Civil Rights Movement • --Demands for Civil Rights • 1957, The Little Rock Nine • Arkansas governor used National Guard troops to block entrance to high school for 9 African American students who tried to attend • President Eisenhower sends troops to enforce Court’s order. • Delgado v. Bastrop ISD • Case that said that segregation of Mexican American children in schools was illegal

  3. The Civil Rights Movement • --Leaders and Strategies • Not a unified “movement,” but led by a collection of groups • I. Laying the Groundwork • NAACP—National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (formed 1909) • Used legal strategy to combat racism • CORE—Congress of Racial Equality • Used peaceful confrontation to gain awareness • II. The Philosophy of Nonviolence • SCLC—Southern Christian Leadership Conference • Founded in 1957 with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Non-violent protest • Influenced by philosophies of Gandhi • “Passive, non-violent resistance” to unjust laws • III. A New Voice for Students • SNCC—Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • Involved young people in the civil rights movement

  4. The Civil Rights Movement • --The Struggle Intensifies • I. Sit-ins Challenge Segregation • Sit in a segregated restaurant until you received service, were arrested, or other • II. The Freedom Rides • 1961, CORE and SNCC organize integrated bus rides through the South • Wanted to forced integration of bus stations and restaurants • Anniston, Alabama • Birmingham, Alabama • III. Integration at “Ole Miss” • James Meredith, an African American, wanted to enroll at U of Mississippi • Governor Barnett tried to block his entrance, President Kennedy sent in federal marshals • Meredith ultimately admitted

  5. The Civil Rights Movement • --The Struggle Intensifies • IV. April, 1963--Clash in Birmingham • Dr. King and the SCLC organize marches and protests • Met with violence from police • Broadcast to the nation • Dr. King jailed • Protests in Montgomery were successful

  6. The Civil Rights Movement • --The Political Response • March on Washington • August, 1963: intended to focus support for civil rights legislation in Congress • 200,000+ people attended • Martin Luther King, Jr.: “I Have a Dream” speech • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • President Kennedy assassinated 3 months after March on Washington • President Lyndon Johnson pushed for civil rights legislation • Civil Rights Act of 1964—Federal Justice Department could police: • Use of different voter registration standards by race • Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations • Withheld federal funds from discriminatory programs • Created EEOC to investigate charges of job discrimination based on race, sex, religion, or national origin

  7. The Civil Rights Movement • -- The Political Response • Delivering on the Promise • Freedom Summer: 1964, 3 college students murdered in Mississippi, trying to register African Americans to vote • The Selma March: 1965, Selma, Alabama • Voting Rights Act of 1965: federal government could register people to vote • 24th Amendment: No more poll taxes

  8. The Civil Rights Movement • --The Movement Takes a New Turn • IV. Tragedies of 1968 • April, 1968: Dr. Martin Luther King travels to Nashville to organize a rally • Gave a speech to supporters at a church one evening • Assassinated the next day • Robert F. Kennedy, brother of John F. Kennedy, running for president • Reacts in Indianapolis • June, 1968: Assassinated in Los Angeles, California • V. Legacies?

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