English Linguistics 1

1. English Linguistics 1

2. 4. Meaningfulbuildingblocks: morphology 4.1 Morphological analysis 4.2 Typology of morphemes 4.3 Word formation Session 5

3. 4.3 Word formation 4.3.1 New meanings in new forms 4.3.1.1 Coinage, invention 4.3.1.2 Borrowing 4.3.2 Old meanings in new forms 4.3.2.1 Clipping 4.3.2.2 Acronyming 4.3.2.3 Blending Session 5

4. 4.3.3 New meanings in old forms 4.3.3.1 Derivation 4.3.3.2 Zero derivation 4.3.3.3 Backformation 4.3.3.4 Compounding Session 5

5. 4. Meaningfulbuildingblocks: morphology • morphology - originally coined by Goethe for 'form and structure of living organisms' • in linguistics: internal structure of words and the various processes for producing new words Session 5

6. the basic unit of morphology is not the word, the morpheme (G Morphem) Session 5

7. singers - one word, - ? morphemes Session 5

8. Session 5

9. difficulties of defining 'word' intuitive feel for the words of the language Session 5

10. suggestions:  • orthographic: what occurs between spaces in writing • semantic: a unified semantic concept, conceptual unity, minimum free form • phonological: what occurs between potential pauses in speaking, one primary stress • morphological/syntactical: a word is indivisible by other units, may be modified only externally by suffixes or prefixes Session 5

11. grapefruit travel agency good-for-nothing son-in-law money-hungry look over passion fruit cannot will not Session 5

12. iceage icebreaker busconductor busstop of it if could to kick thebucket put a sock in it Session 5

13. discussion: criterion of orthography  ~ phonology  of, it, travel agency good-for-nothing son-in-law Session 5

14. ~ semantics  ~ morphology two good-for-nothings two sons-in-law son-in-law's (behaves as a phrase and a word) Session 5

15. look over qualities of a phrase look the information over + …. semantic criterion  …. Session 5

16. 4.1 Morphological analysis How can we identify morphemes? 2 procedures (1) segmentation and (2) classification Session 5

17. The cats are chasing the dogs. segmenting into concrete entities on the basis of comparing similar utterances  .... Session 5

18. morph concrete realization of a morpheme, not yet classified ... Session 5

19. step (2) classification: cat, dog, chas- internally indivisible lexical units with identifiable and separate meanings= morphemes notational convention: {cat} {dog} {chas-} { } between curly braces {-ing} signals progressive aspect Session 5

20. -[s], -[z]: different phonetic forms – two morphemes? ... ... ... Session 5

21. very often: morpheme – one phonological form possibility of variation: e.g. plural morpheme [s, z, Iz] – phonologically conditioned, dependent on the adjacent sound Session 5

22. goose – geese, sheep – sheep, ox – oxen lexically conditioned form seems to be purely accidental, linked to a lexical item Session 5

23. homonymic morphssame sound structure - different functions[remember 'homonymy' ch. 3.5] [-s] G [-] <-er> Session 5

24. 4.2 Typology of morphemes Try toclassifythefollowingmorphemes. {run}{skirt} {-ly}{he} {-ist} {but} {-ian}{un-} Whichcategoriescometoyourmind? Howcanyouclassifythem? c. accordingto: - meaning/function - form Session 5

25. typology (1) based on meaning / function lexical morphemes grammatical morphemes Session 5

26. lexical morphemes • content / lexical words - {sing} {cat} ... N, V, Adj., Adv. • derivational affixes (suffixes, prefixes), for producing new words e.g. {-er} ... Session 5

27. {-ize, -ment, -able, -ity ... } common charcteristic?... ... {in-} ... {re-, dis-, ultra- ... } {de-, trans- ... } Session 5

28. grammatical morphemes also functional morphemes - express grammatical relationships ('abstract meanings') function words - {if, and, the, to, she ... } .... inflectionalmorphemes / affixes ... Session 5

29. (2) types according toform • free morpheme - may stand alone as a word contains lexical and grammatical ms. e.g. dog, albatross, the, whether • bound morpheme - must be attached to another morpheme contains lexical and grammatical ms. e.g. un-happy, hunt-er; hunt-s; Session 5

30. Special cases  • root morphemes / bound roots / Wurzelm.: often foreign borrowings, free in the source language, not free in E. e.g. convert, revert, subvert, pervert conceive, perceive, receive, deceive contain, pertain, maintain Session 5

31. intuitive identification of the roots: ... but: ... - Session 5

32. unique morphemes / unikale Morpheme cranberry – ... cran- Session 5

33. because -berry is morpheme - not monomorphematic cran- = unique m. - exists only in one word [G .... ] Session 5

34. suppletive morphemes / Suppletive M. not possible to show a morphological relationship between two elements of a paradigm, substitution by a formally different unit (different roots) good – better be – is – was ... go – went Session 5

35. Summary: • morph - • morpheme - • allomorph - • homonymic morphs - Session 5

36. lexical – grammatical / functional morphemes • free – bound ms. • root m. - • unique m. - • suppletive m. - Session 5

37. Now try toclassifythefollowingmorphemesaccordingtothecategoriesdiscussed. {run}{skirt} {-ly}{he} {-ist} {but} {-ian} {un-} Session 5

38. 4.3 Word formation how do languages cope with new meanings (new ideas, tools, products, events ...)  several ways of creating new morphemes and new words remember – morphemes / words are relationships of form and meaning  new words – not usually all new Session 5

39. three senses in which a morpheme / word may be new new morpheme / word may have: 1. 2. 3. Session 5

40. 4.3.1 New meanings in new forms 4.3.1.1 Coinage, invention / Wortschöpfung word completely new Kodak – coined according to phonotactic constraints, .... Session 5

41. geek - ... snob - ... sometimes boundary between 'invented' and 'unknown origin' unclear rare process Session 5

42. 4.3.1.2 Borrowing / Entlehnung from foreign languages – loanwords, G Lehnwort karaoke - bistro, bidet, croissant ... pizza, pasta, minestrone ...    phoneticadaptations, e.g. ['pi:/ItsK,'pA:/æstK, mInI'strKuni] Session 5

43. Some more loan words in English from Latin and Greek appropriate, conspicuous, expensive, obstruction, virus, relaxation, temperature, crisis, disability, exaggerate from or via French battery, chocolate, detail, invite, passport, probability, shock, tomato, muscle, entrance

44. from or via Italian design, lottery, rocket, volcano, ballot, trill, fuse, stanza, violin, carnival from or via Spanish and Portuguese apricot, banana, canoe, cockroach, guitar, hurricane, negro, potato, tank, tobacco

45. Fromother languagestry to pair languages and words (given order is incorrect) bamboo bazaar caravan coffee cruise curry easel flannel guru harem ketchup Hindi Dutch Persian Tamil Malay Welsh Turkish Persian Malay Dutch Arabic Session 5

46. kiosk landscape pariah raccoon rouble sago shekel troll trousers turban wampum yacht yoghurt Dutch Malay Turkish Turkish Hebrew Irish Gaelic Algonquian Dutch Tamil Russian Algonquian Persian Norwegian Session 5

47. see e.g. The COD (Concise Oxford Dictionary) for the origins of the words

48. history of English = a history of loanwords( ~ 60%) nativization – adaptation of the borrowed words, especially in pronunciation tobacco – Sp. tobaco skunk – AmInd.segankwtomato – Sp. tomate – Mex. tomatl Session 5