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AP Psychology Unit 7B Notes

AP Psychology Unit 7B Notes. Cognition Domain. Thinking and Intelligence. Module Overview. Concepts Problem Solving Problems Solving Problems. Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation. Concepts. Cognitive Abilities.

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AP Psychology Unit 7B Notes

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  1. AP PsychologyUnit 7B Notes

  2. Cognition Domain

  3. Thinking and Intelligence

  4. Module Overview • Concepts • Problem Solving • Problems Solving Problems Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

  5. Concepts

  6. Cognitive Abilities • All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering.

  7. Thinking • Cognition • mental activity associated with processing, understanding, and communicating information • Cognitive Psychology • the study of these mental activities • concept formation • problem solving • decision making • judgement formation • study of both logical and illogical thinking

  8. Concept • A mental grouping based on shared similarity. • Categorizing items in one’s environment

  9. Prototype • A typical best example incorporating the major features of a concept. • The closer a new object is to our concept prototype the easier it is to categorize it

  10. Concept Hierarchy • A means to keep mental information organized from basic concepts to specific ones

  11. Concept Hierarchy

  12. Problem Solving

  13. Problem Solving:Algorithms

  14. Algorithms • A problem-solving strategy that guarantees the solution to a problem. • Not always the most efficient method

  15. Problem Solving:Heuristics

  16. Heuristics • A rule-of-thumb problem-solving strategy that makes a solution more likely and efficient but does not guarantee a solution. • These can be handy shortcuts, or they can get us into trouble

  17. Thinking Unscramble S P L O Y O C H Y G • Algorithm • all 907,208 combinations • Heuristic • throw out all YY combinations • other heuristics?

  18. Problem Solving:Insight

  19. Insight • The sudden realization (Aha!) of the solution to a problem.

  20. Problems Solving Problems

  21. Mental Set • The tendency to approach a problem in a particular way. • The set may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem

  22. Problems Solving Problems:Fixation

  23. Fixation • A mental set that hinders the solution of a problem. • One needs to think beyond the mental set to solve the new problem

  24. Luchins Water Jar Problem

  25. Luchins Water Jar Problem

  26. Luchins Water Jar Problem

  27. Luchins Water Jar Problem

  28. Luchins Water Jar Problem

  29. Luchins Water Jar Problem

  30. Luchins Water Jar Problem

  31. Luchins Water Jar Problem

  32. Luchins Water Jar Problem

  33. Luchins Water Jar Problem

  34. Problems Solving Problems:Counterproductive Heuristics

  35. Functional Fixedness • The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions.

  36. Functional Fixedness Can you think of a way to use these materials to mount the candle on a bulletin board?

  37. Functional Fixedness

  38. Problems Solving Problems:Confirmation Bias

  39. Confirmation Bias • The tendency to focus on information that supports preconceptions.

  40. Availability Heuristic • Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. • Can be correct or incorrect • if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common • Example: airplane crash

  41. Representativeness Heuristic • rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes • may lead one to ignore other relevant information

  42. Problems Solving Problems:Overconfidence

  43. Overconfidence • When confidence is greater than accuracy.

  44. Problems Solving Problems:Framing

  45. Framing • How an issue is worded or presented, • which can influence decisions and judgments.

  46. Problems Solving Problems:Belief Bias / Belief Perserverance

  47. Belief Bias / Belief Perseverance • Belief Bias • the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning • sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid • Belief Perseverance • clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

  48. Learning and Language

  49. Module Overview • Building Blocks of Language • Language Acquisition • Language Stages Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

  50. Building Blocks of Language

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