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Gender Issues

Gender Issues. Gender VS sex. Gender = psychosocial (cultural) Sex = biological. Genetic code. Eggs = XX Sperm = XY. Prenatal sexual differentiation. In the absence of male hormones, female external genitals will develop. Prenatal structure. Structures. Female = Mullerian ducts

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Gender Issues

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  1. Gender Issues

  2. Gender VS sex • Gender = psychosocial (cultural) • Sex = biological

  3. Genetic code • Eggs = XX • Sperm = XY

  4. Prenatal sexual differentiation • In the absence of male hormones, female external genitals will develop

  5. Prenatal structure

  6. Structures • Female = Mullerian ducts • Male = Wolffian ducts

  7. Undifferentiated stage

  8. Early genital development

  9. Advanced genital development

  10. Peno-scrotal raphe

  11. Homologus structures • Clitoris = glands of the penis • Scrotum = major lips

  12. Abnormal prenatal differentiation • Hermaphrodites • True hermaphrodite • One ovary & one testicle • Pseudohermaphrodite • Often two ovaries & penis like clitoris • May result from • Chromosomal disorder • Hormonal disorder • More common than true hermaphrodites

  13. Chromosome errors • Turner’s syndrome • (sterile female with absent or underdeveloped ovaries) • XO • Normal external genitals • Lack of menstruation at puberty • Female gender identity • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000379.htm • Klinefelters syndrome (sterile male with underdeveloped genitals) • XXY • http://www.nih.gov/health/chip/nichd/klinefelter/

  14. Hormone errors (prenatal) • Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) • External genitals of male fetus fail to differentiate • Newborn has normal-looking female external genitals • Diagnosed when menstruation does not occur

  15. Hormone errors (prenatal) • Fetally androgenized females (FAF) • Masculinized external organs

  16. John Money study of Joan/John • Circumcision accident • Follow-up 17 years later • The effect of prenatal hormones on brain differentiation may be much more influential in gender-identity than was originally assumed.

  17. Transvestite VS transsexual • Transvestite cross dresses for sexual arousal • Transsexual cross dresses to feel comfortable and congruent

  18. Sex reassignment surgery • Transsexuals or transgender • Crossdresses to feel comfortable and congruent • More men than women • Ratio is narrowing • Most preoperative transsexual persons feel they are heterosexual.

  19. Trans gender surgery results • http://www.annelawrence.com/twr/

  20. Gender assumptions • The assumptions that men “know about sex”, are responsible for doing a “good Job” with sex, and women are passive is a result of social learning, not biology.

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