POLS4503 International Organizations

1. POLS4503International Organizations Gregory C. Dixon gdixon@westga.edu www.westga.edu/~gdixon

2. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions Conflict Management Globalization and Global Governance

3. Office Hours and Contact Office: Pafford125 Office Hours: MW 11am – 12:30pm 1:45pm – 3:30pm T 1 – 3pm and by appointment Email: gdixon@westga.edu

4. Course Web Page CourseDen Public site: http://www.westga.edu/~gdixon Under “current courses” pick pols4503

5. Required Texts Weiss, et al. The United Nations and Changing World Politics, 6th Edition Diehl & FrederkingThe Politics of Global Governance: International Organizations in an Interdependent World, 4th edition Braveboy-WgnerInstitutions of the Global South Goldstone & Smith International Judicial Institutions Pease International Organizations, 4th Edition Kratochwiland Mansfield International Organization and Global Governance: A Reader, 2nd Edition

6. Learning Outcomes Survey the history of the international state system and trace the rising need for governance beyond national borders Discuss the major problems of cooperation in international relations according to various theoretical approaches Discuss how domestic and international political institutions affect cooperation Examine governance structures in different issue areas Compare and contrast governmental and non-governmental solutions to the problem of global governance

7. Assignments Exams (3) 30% each The lowest exam score is dropped Group Project: Background Paper 5% Final Project Paper 35%

8. Exams Take-home essay exams A selection of five questions from which you will answer two Each answer should be 800-1200 words for a total of 1600 – 2400 words per exam

9. Group Project Solve a problem in contemporary global governance 5 – 7 page background paper 25 – 35 page final project paper Peer grades used to punish free riders

10. Group Project Topics Design a framework agreement on the environment for the Durban Conference Design a reform plan for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime Design a Global Financial Governance Regime Design a social entrepreneurship organization for poverty reduction in a country of your choice Design a model system for international enforcement of disputed election results

11. Group Project Students may form their own groups Lists must be submitted by Jan 26 Final say on group assignments lies with the professor Groups will be matched with assignments on Jan 26 in class Groups may propose alternate assignment

12. Assumption of Adulthood All students are assumed to be adults and will be held to adult standards of accountability and decorum. You are expected to familiarize yourself with the requirements of the course. You are expected to meet the requirements of the course without having to be reminded of such clearly posted things as exam due dates. It is expected that you will do the required reading for the course. It is expected that you will complete all required assignments.

13. Class Participation It is expected that students will participate in class Education is not simply a one-way process The subject matter in this course is complex at times and may require clarification Students are encouraged to ask questions

14. Late or Missed Assignments Late assignments will suffer a penalty of one letter grade (10 points on 100 point scale) for each business day late The exams are take-home, so extensions will be extremely rare Absolutely no extensions will be given for the final exam due date

15. Special Needs Students with special needs as identified by the University will be accommodated in accordance with University policy Please inform the instructor no later than January 23, 2009 of any special needs that will require accommodation

16. Attendance Attendance will not be taken and is not required as part of the course grade Attendance is vital to success in this course Students are forewarned that missing lectures may significantly reduce their chances of passing the course It is the responsibility of the student to get the notes from that day of class from another student in the class

17. Acts of the Gods On very rare occasions truly terrible things happen If such an event happens, don't wait until the last day of the semester to deal with it While the professor is strict, he's not inhuman

18. Privacy and FERPA FERPA is vague regarding email Nothing related to grades, exams, or any other course information specific to a student will be discussed via email - period Grades and related information will only be discussed in person during office hours or after class

19. Classroom Decorum Please arrive on time Please turn off any device that makes noise Please do not read the newspaper, sleep, send text messages, or work on material for other courses during the class time Mutual respect and politeness is required in the classroom at all times Violations of appropriate classroom decorum will result in penalties in accordance with the syllabus

20. Academic Honesty All students should be aware of the University rules regarding academic honesty. Cheating, fabrication, and/or plagiarism of any kind will not be tolerated. Any student caught committing any violation of the Honor Code on any assignment will receive an F in the course and will be reported to the University for further action as per University policy The professor reserves the right to seek the harshest possible penalty for any and all violations of the University of West Georgia Honor Code regardless of the value of the individual assignment

21. Academic Honesty If you are unsure as to what constitutes academic dishonesty, please consult the University of West Georgia Student Handbook Ignorance of the Code will not be accepted as an excuse for violations of it Many things which are perfectly acceptable in high school are considered cheating in college If you have a question about cheating, ask, don’t just assume that you are ok

22. POLS 4503International Relations History of the international system The Good Parts Version

23. Globalization in History • Globalization is as old as humanity • Global governance is not

24. Global Interconnectedness • Mongol conquests create a system of trade in central Asia that links east and west by land • Chinese and Arab traders have extensive sea trade routes that link Africa, the Middle East, and Asia • By 1400, there is a trade system that links Eurasia and Africa

25. The Age of Discovery • Europeans explore the world in desperation: find allies against a powerful enemy • In the process they accidentally find the Americas • They also establish a global trade system • Americas integrated into pre-existing trade system on European terms • Europeans displace local traders throughout the world

26. Colonialism • Global governance takes off in the age of colonization • Colonies form the first real attempt at global governance • Global governance had been a dream for many, but had never been possible • Colonialism will make it possible, but at a terrible price to local groups

27. The Emergence of Sovereignty • 1648 – Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years’ War • Religion was the excuse for war, but “reasons of state” quickly took over • The legal principle of sovereignty emerges by accident • The result was a legal principle of non-intervention • This becomes the foundation of international law

28. The Colonial System • By 1870 the world is as integrated as the world of 2000 • Globalization has come at the point of the gun in many places • European cultural practice assumed a hierarchy of peoples • Colonialism depended on force • Leaves bad memories of global governance

29. Impact of Colonialism • Local economy and society is reorganized on European lines • Local production is displaced by European production • Local social structures are altered at best, crushed at worst • A very painful transition in many areas under colonialism • Spreads nation-state system and European political norms to whole world

30. Colonial Empires – 1754 Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Colonisation_1754.png

31. Colonial Empires – 1800 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Colonisation_1800.png

32. Colonial Empires – 1885 Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Colonisation_1885.png

33. Colonial Empires – 1914 Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Colonisation_1914.png

34. Informal Governance • The colonial governance architecture was informal • There were no treaties • There were no agreed upon rules • The system depended on perceptions of common interest and shared norms

35. Great Power Governance • Council of Europe • Post-Napoleonic era • League of Nations • Post WWI • United Nations • Post WWII

36. Council of Europe • A century of relative peace follows the Napoleonic wars • Great power conflict is rare and low-scale • The Council of Europe keeps the system working • Informal meetings of Great Powers • Colonial system kept conflict out of Europe • But peace is fragile

37. The World of 1913 • 100 Years of Peace • Positive vision of the world was accepted by most people in Europe and the US • Colonial system seemed strong • The vision of the future was bright

38. WWI • WWI changes the world • Tears apart social, economic, political, and military assumptions about the world • Creates massive uncertainty in its wake • Kills people at a rate not even imagined in past wars • The entire system of global governance is torn to shreds

39. Wilson’s Moment • Woodrow Wilson wants to save the world from itself • He will do this through a radical new concept: • Institutionalized Global Governance • A formal organization to coordinate the actions of states • The League of Nations

40. Wilson’s Vision • Wilson was a political scientist • He wanted to do for the world what the Founding Fathers had done for the US • Create new institutions to make the world better • If you can institutionalize governance, you can prevent conflict

41. The League of Nations • Collective Security • Make war unthinkable • All nations will punish aggressors • The strong will protect the weak • The League becomes the core of Wilson’s vision for the Versailles Treaty Talks • This weakens his diplomatic position • This weakens his standing at home

42. Seeds of Failure • Wilson’s idealism meets harsh reality • France and UK wanted to punish Germany • Had to place blame for war on the losers • Wilson excludes the US Senate from the Treaty talks • Wilson underestimates isolationist sentiment in US • European leaders take advantage of Wilson • The US refuses to ratify the Versailles Treaty

43. The Interwar Years • Globalization collapses in WWI • The 1920’s see some recovery, but it is precarious • The Great Powers do not work together to coordinate policy • The 1929 Crash wrecks the system • Very bad policies pursued by all • Lack of coordination dooms everyone to the Depression • Failure of collective security leads to WWII

44. WWII • WWII opens a door • Unconditional surrender means the outcome is known long before the war actually ends: • In 1943 it is clear that the Allies will win • This leaves nearly two years to plan for “after the war”

45. An Open Door • The US decides in 1943 to rebuild the world • A group at the State Department gets the job of remaking the world order • This group will design a new governance architecture • Bad peace = more war • Lack of cooperation = collapse • US Isolation doomed the interwar years

46. Post-War Governance • The Bretton Woods Organizations for cooperation in economics • IMF • World Bank • GATT will join this in 1947 • A new collective security organization • The United Nations • A Security Council to provide teeth

47. Collective Security Redux • The UN System • General Assembly • One state, one vote • Security Council • Rotating membership for all members • Permanent membership for the “Big 5” • Enshrines the 1945 world order

48. Economic Coordination • Keynesian management of the international economy • “Embedded Liberalism” • Global Economic Governance • Prevent collapse of economic system

49. Impact of the Cold War • System fails to work as designed • Second Wave of globalization is divided along Cold War lines • 1st World: The West • 2nd World: The East • 3rd World: The Rest • 1973: economic changes • 1989: political changes

50. The Post Cold War World • The world changes radically • There is no hegemon to rebuild the system • The West wins, so the West’s organizations survive • The system we have today is basically the 1945 system • 50 years of ideological conflict have shifted how the system works