WARM UP

1. WARM UP The year is 1865, and at last the Civil War is over. The South’s primary labor system, slavery, has been abolished. About 4.5 million African Americans now have their freedom but lack money, property, education, and opportunity. Southern states are beginning the process of readmission to the Union, but the effects of war continue to be felt throughout the South. Rail lines are unusable. Farms, plantations, and factories lie in ruins. What goals should the government set to reconstruct the South? • How can Northern resources help the South? • In what ways can the South rebuild its economy? • What can the government do to assist African Americans?

2. Reconstruction 1865-1877

4. Political Turmoil • Andrew Johnson becomes President in April, 1865 when Lincoln is assassinated • Only senator from a Confederate state to remain loyal to Union • Lincoln chose Johnson as VP to help w/ reunite Nation after war • Lincoln had devised a plan for “Reconstruction” of the US after the war • Some Republicans were angry with Lincoln’s plan • AKA Radical Republicans • wanted to punish the south & give full rights to African Americans • Thaddeus Stevens is leader of RR • Johnson takes office with Republicans thinking he would submit to their ideas for Reconstruction

5. President Andrew Johnson Radical Republican Leader Thaddeus Stevens

6. Lincoln’s Plan • Known as 10% Plan • Wanted to be lenient on the South • Included pardon of most Confederates (excluded high ranking officials) if they would swear loyalty to Union • After 10% of those on the 1860 voting list swore loyalty, a state could form a new gov’t and gain representation in Congress • States must ratify 13th Amendment (freed ALL slaves) • Lincoln also set up the Freedmen’s Bureau to help freed slaves & poor whites • 4 states return under Lincoln’s plan: Ark, Tenn, Virg, Louis. • Radical Republicans didn’t like Lincoln’s plan • RR argue that it’s too weak; also thought Congress should determine Reconstruction • They pass the Wade-Davis Bill, saying a majority (not 10% would have to swear loyalty) • Lincoln vetoed the bill

7. Johnson’s Plan • Known as Presidential Reconstruction • Very similar to Lincoln’s plan • Remaining Southern states would have to withdraw secession, swear loyalty to union, annul war debts, ratify 13th Amendment • Didn’t want high ranking Confederates & wealthy to be allowed to swear loyalty (regain rights) • Plan didn’t address needs of former slaves • South will enact Black Codes to keep former slaves from gaining rights/power • Southern states quickly comply & elect congressmen • When Congress started in Dec.1865, Radical Republicans refuse to admit new Southern Reps. • Thought Johnson’s plan wasn’t enough • Congress enlarges Freedmen’s Bureau in 1866 • Congress passes Civil Rights Act of 1866 – gives citizenship to blacks

8. Johnson’s Response & Congressional Plan • Johnson vetoed both Freedmen’s Bureau Act & Civil Rights Act • Republicans banded together to override Johnson’s veto • Congress also adds 14th Amendment to give Constitutional basis for Civil Rights Act • Amendment guarantees “equal protection under the law” • Johnson advises South to reject amendment • All southern states but Tennessee reject it • In 1867 Congress passes Reconstruction Act of 1867 • Didn’t recognize state gov’ts under Lincoln or Johnson’s plan • Southern states divided into 5 military districts • To re-enter union, states had to accept 14th Amend & allow black males the right to vote • Johnson vetoes; Congress overrides the veto

9. RECONSTRUCTION ACT – MILITARY DISTRICTS

11. What is the message of the following cartoon? What is the goal of the Freedman’s Bureau? How is the portrayed goal different?

13. Impeachment • President Andrew Johnson • Disagreed w/ Reconstruction Act of 1867 (military districts) • Radicals want to impeach him. Create new law… • Tenure of Office Act 1867 (Can’t fire a cabinet member) • He was IMPEACHED (gov’t official formally charged w/ misconduct) • Trial took place in the Senate between Mar-May, 1868 • Senate needed 2/3 majority to remove • Final vote was 35 to 19 (1 short of 2/3 majority needed) • No more power

14. Southern Society • New Southern Politics • 3 groups • Scalawags – Southerners who sided w/ Northern Republicans • Carpetbaggers – Northerners who came south for profit • “Black Republicans” – newly freed African Americans who got involved in politics (usually on the local or state levels) • Hiram Revels – 1st African American congressman

15. Economy • Much of the land had been damaged or neglected during the war • Also, plantation system collapsed once slaves were freed • Most farmers (both former slaves & poor whites) resorted to sharecropping or tenant farming • Cotton was also no longer profitable; farmers turn to a variety of crops

16. Freed Slaves • Former slaves have new opportunities after war (politics, education, land ownership, etc.) • Migration from plantations to cities • Family reunification was common, due to many families being split during slavery • Many former slaves learned to read and write • Even a few colleges begin for blacks (Hampton Institute & Howard University) • A.A.’s fought black codes early during Reconstruction & still faced persecution later on • The Ku Klux Klan began to terrorize blacks • Most A.A.’s continued farming as sharecroppers or tenant farmers

17. Different Views of Reconstruction: Left: early KKK members circa 1871 Top Right: Graduating law class of Howard University Bottom Right: sharecropper

18. V. End to Reconstruction • Ulysses S. Grant won election in 1868 & again in 1872 • Credit Mobilier • Construction company skimmed off the top of Union Pacific Railroad • Whiskey Ring • Grant’s personal secretary and others accused of taking bribes from whiskey distillers that didn’t want to pay taxes.

19. Compromise of 1877 (Hayes Tilden compromise) • The South finally achieved “home rule” – no federal interference in state affairs

20. ADVERTISING The South is struggling financially. As new head of Tourism of your state (of your choosing). You and your partner must create an advertisement telling people why they should visit the south.

21. Advertisement • Must include: • 3 references to your notes • 3 different types of people living south • Condition of slaves • New industries • COLOR

22. 3-2-1 Warm-Up • 3 Causes to the Civil War • 2 Types of People (Look it up) • Copperheads • Nativists • 1 What is the most important event that occurred during Reconstruction. (What & Why)

23. President Videos • Andrew Johnson • Ulysses S. Grant

24. PARTNER TRIVIA CHALLENGE Immediate cause of the Civil War In pool, what color is the 4-ball? Who was John Brown? What did he do? What happened to cotton in the south? Who flew from England to America in a giant peach carried by seagulls?

25. PARTNER TRIVIA CHALLENGE Who was Thaddeus Stevens? Use one word to define each of the following. What did they do overall? 13th amendment 14th amendment 15th amendment Name the law/act Andrew Johnson violated that led to his impeachment.

26. PARTNER TRIVIA CHALLENGE How many states end with the letter N? In what state did the KKK originate? What was the name of the toy terrorizing kid from the 1995 movie "Toy Story"? What was the compromise of 1877? What did it signify?

27. TIEBREAKER I have streets but no pavement, I have cities but no buildings, I have forests but no trees, I have rivers yet no water. What am I?

28. Matamoscas

29. Crash Course Reconstruction • ACCORDING TO THIS VIDEO • What is sharecropping? • What happened for the first time while passing the Civil Rights Act?