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Evolution: False Predictions and Contradictions

Explore the failure of evolutionary theory to explain the Cambrian Explosion, the concept of irreducible complexity, and the unique human attributes that challenge the claims of common ancestry. Discover an alternative view that questions the adequacy of mutation and natural selection in driving evolution.

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Evolution: False Predictions and Contradictions

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  1. Why Evolution Is FalseL J GibsonGeoscience Research Institutewww.grisda.org

  2. Summary Irreducible Complexity PublicDomainLadyOfHats Cambrian Explosion GRI • Evolution is the theory that all organisms have descended from a common ancestor by unguided (natural) processes. • The Cambrian Explosion contradicts the pattern of common ancestry predicted by evolutionary theory. • Irreducible complexity contradicts the claim that intelligent design is not necessary for biodiversity. • Unique human attributes, including orphan genes contradict the claim of evolution theory that humans have evolved from ape-like ancestors.

  3. OUTLINE • Definition of Evolution • Failure of the predictions of common ancestry (pattern) • Inadequacy of mutation and natural selection to drive evolution (process) • Another view • Conclusions

  4. What Is Evolution? • Evolution is the theory that includes the following points: • All organisms have descended from a single common ancestor (PATTERN); • Evolutionary change has occurred by strictly natural processes – (there is no God who acts in nature) (PROCESS); • Humans have evolved from ape-like ancestors, have no special status (PRODUCT).

  5. OUTLINE • Definition of Evolution • Failure of the predictions of common ancestry (pattern) • Inadequacy of mutation and natural selection to drive evolution (process) • Another view • Conclusions

  6. The Predicted Pattern of Evolution All Species Belong to One Evolutionary Family Tree According to evolutionary theory, all life is connected by genealogy in a way that can be represented by a tree-like diagram, starting from a common ancestor. Common Ancestor AnswersInGenesis modified

  7. The Tree of Evolution According to evolutionary theory, life started out as a single type/body plan, then produced more types gradually over long ages of time. Differences among animals (“disparity”) should increase upward in the tree. Many Types (High Disparity) B2 A2 Few Types B1 A1 Single Type

  8. The Cambrian Explosion Does Not Fit The Tree • The Cambrian Explosion is a pattern in the fossil record in which the greatest differences among animal fossils are seen in the lowest portion of the fossil record of animals. • The Cambrian Explosion falsifies the prediction that biodiversity forms the pattern of an evolutionary tree.

  9. Evolution of the Evolutionary Tree Evolutionary Tree Evolutionary Bush 1879 E Haeckel Reaction to Gould 1977

  10. Evolution of the Evolutionary Tree Evolutionary Tangle Evolutionary Bush Carl e 1990 1990 Carl Woese 2016 L Hug et al

  11. Systematic Gaps 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 • Missing links (gaps) are claimed to be due to the incompleteness of the fossil record. • But the gaps are not random. • The larger the difference between two species, the more intermediates there should be. • In reality, there are no intermediates between species at the highest degree of difference. 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9 – 10 . . . . 98 – 99 - 100

  12. Similar Species Often Form a Clustered Pattern • Similar species should have so few intermediates that it is improbable that any would be found if the fossil record is highly incomplete. • But intermediates (similar varieties) are often found for species that are similar. Horses are an example, with many similar species. Angelfire.com

  13. The Larger the Differences, the Larger the Gaps This display shows four clusters of Cambrian/ Ordovician fossils, all separated from each other by large gaps.

  14. Gaps Are Real - Not Due To Lack of Fossils • The fossil record shows a non-random, systematic pattern of gaps. • Preservation of soft-bodied faunas indicates that most species can be preserved as fossils. • Abundance of individual fossils and ability to correlate fossil layers indicates the fossil record is complete enough to show real patterns.

  15. The Pattern of Biodiversity The predicted pattern The observed pattern GRI Charles Darwin. Public Domain

  16. Summary The Pattern of Evolution • Evolutionary theory predicts a tree-like pattern of evolutionary relationships. • Organisms are not easily arranged into a treelike pattern. • The best pattern is a forest of trees, as in creationist theory.

  17. Outline • Definition of Evolution • Failure of the predictions of common ancestry • Inadequacy of mutation and selection • No adequate source of variation • Natural selection is limited • Another view • Conclusions

  18. The Predicted Process of Evolution • Evolutionary theory assumes an unguided mechanism to produce diversification. • The evolutionary process consists of two stages: variation, and selection. • Selection is regarded as a cumulative, stepwise process in which new structures are built gradually. First Variation, then Selection

  19. Variation by Mutation • Mutation is the proposed mechanism for producing variation. • According to the theory, random, unguided, mutations produce variation. • Most mutations are harmful; beneficial mutations are very rare. • Thus evolutionary processes must be very slow and gradual. The Theory

  20. Evolutionary Questions About the Source of Variation Are Mutations Helpful? • Random mutations are highly unlikely to produce improvements in organisms. • The probabilities of a specific sequence of five or more helpful mutations occurring is too low to be considered scientifically plausible. Three slightly harmful fruit fly mutations. These flies may survive, but are not improved. Image: tes.com

  21. Evolutionary Questions About Mutation • Any helpful mutation will be linked to several harmful mutations; thus harmful mutations will accumulate faster than helpful ones. • If this continues, the genetic system will collapse from an excess of harmful mutations. Swampthingsscience.com How Can Genetic Meltdown be Avoided?

  22. Evolutionary Questions On the Source of Variation • Genes may be switched on and off by attachment or release of a methyl group/ “molecule”. • Such epigenetic changes are rapid and reversible, but not cumulative. • This explains why changes in a species typically fluctuate around an average, and tend to revert to the original “wild” type. • Such changes do not accumulate to produce new organs or new types of organisms. Do Epigenetic Changes Accumulate?

  23. Evolutionary Questions About Natural Selection Can Selection Produce Irreducibly Complex Systems? • An irreducibly complex system is one that does not function when one of its parts is not present. • Natural selection cannot produce a system one step at a time unless there is some useful function at each step. • Thus, natural selection cannot produce an irreducibly complex system.

  24. A Cell Has Irreducible Complexity Membrane, metabolism and replication are complex, interdependent systems http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/ • A cell consists of several complex, interdependent systems, each of which includes irreducibly complex components. • Cells require at least 250 different genes.

  25. Evolutionary Questions About Natural Selection Can Selection Produce New Types of Organisms? • Artificial selection produces variation, but no new organs or body plans. A sampling of pigeon breeds. Incubator.Rockefeller.edu

  26. Summary: Mutation and Natural Selection Do Not Explain What We See • Natural selection can only remove inferior individuals, it cannot create new organs. • Improvements, or new features, can only be produced by mutations that are beneficial. • Most mutations are slightly harmful, but not harmful enough to be removed by selection. • Slightly harmful mutations accumulate in the genome, causing degeneration.

  27. Outline • Definition of Evolution • Failure of the predictions of common ancestry • Inadequacy of mutation and natural selection • Another view • Local adaptation • Separate origins • Conclusions http://www.rtgmin.org/2012/06/08/evolution-theory-of-evolution/

  28. Species Are Adapted to Their Local Environments Natural selection seems to explain the minor differences among similar species, such as these honeyeater birds.

  29. Does Local Adaptation Involve Development of New Organs? Differences among species include color, body size, beak length and shape and other minor differences.

  30. Is Local Adaptation the Same As Evolution? Can new organs be formed by natural selection? Would natural selection be able to convert one type of organism into another, given eons of time? Golden Retriever. AndreasDobler CCbySA3.0 Typical bacterial cell. LadyOfHats. PublicDomain. Fruit flies laying eggs. USDA . PublicDomain.

  31. Can Evolutionary Theory Explain “Orphan” Genes? • Many gene families are shared among most or all types of organisms. • Every species group that has been studied has “orphan” genes, not related to any gene in other groups. • This indicates a separate ancestry for different species groups. Do Orphan Genes Indicate Separate Ancestry?

  32. How Many Orphan Genes Do Humans Have? Humans have at least 634 genes not found in chimpanzees. Chimps have 780 genes not found in humans. (PLoS 11(12):e1005721 doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005721) Bonobo Chimp. KabirBakie CCbySA2.5 Neil Armstrong. Wikipedia

  33. Are Humans Merely Hairless Apes? • Humans have a complex language different from all other animals, including apes. • Humans have a moral nature, which no other animals have. • Humans have unique features such as creativity, self-consciousness, appreciation of beauty, and self-sacrificing behavior not found in other animals. Humans have many unique attributes

  34. Another View – Summary Left: One of many species of locally adapted species of Australian honeyeaters. Right: A member of a unique species – humans. • Natural selection may explain local adaptation, but not creation of new organs or body plans. • Humans have many unique characteristics that set them apart from apes and indicate separate ancestries for the two groups.

  35. Outline • Definition of evolution • Failure of the predictions of common ancestry • Inadequacy of natural selection to drive of evolution • Another view • Conclusions

  36. Conclusions Irreducible Complexity Cambrian Explosion • Evolution is the theory that all organisms have descended from a common ancestor by unguided (natural) processes. • The Cambrian Explosion contradicts the pattern of common ancestry predicted by evolutionary theory. • Irreducible complexity contradicts the claim that intelligent design was not involved in creation of biodiversity.

  37. Conclusions • Evidence from artificial selection and genetics indicates that natural selection is not an adequate mechanism to produce the varied types of living organisms from a common ancestor. • Unique human attributes, including orphan genes, contradict the evolutionary claim that humans share a common ancestry with apes. Selection Mutations

  38. Conclusion • For these reasons, the theory of universal common ancestry by purely natural processes, evolution, is false. Evolution Is False

  39. THE END

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