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Chapter 13 DNA Technology

The New Genetics. Genetic Engineering

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Chapter 13 DNA Technology

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    1. Chapter 13 DNA Technology Section I

    2. The New Genetics Genetic Engineering is the application of molecular genetics for practical purposes. Used to identify genes for specific traits Transfer genes for a specific trait from one organism to another.

    3. Manipulating Genes DNA Technology definition page 239 Used to: Cure diseases Treat genetic disorders To improve the lives of humans

    4. Restriction Enzymes Restriction enzymes bacterial enzymes that cut DNA molecules into more manageable pieces Look at Figure 13-1 Read bottom of page 239 starting at As figure 13-1 Sticky ends single-chain tails of DNA

    5. Cloning Vectors Why are restriction enzymes important? R.E. can be used to isolate a specific gene. Once a gene is isolated, it can be transferred by a cloning vector to another organism. Cloning vector is a carrier that is used to clone a gene and transfer it from one organism to another. Plasmid a ring of DNA found in a bacterium in addition to its main chromosome.

    6. Cloning Vectors Donor gene a specific gene isolated from another organism. Gene clone is an exact copy of a gene.

    7. Transplanting Genes Insulin a protein that controls sugar metabolism Figure 13-4 page 241 Genomic library set of thousands of DNA pieces from a genome. Because each R.E. recognizes and cleaves DNA at different sites. So several genomic libraries can be produced for the same genome.

    8. Transplanting Genes Recombinant DNA is the combination of DNA from two or more sources Inserting a donor gene into a cloning vector results in a Recomb DNA molecule. Transgenic organism the host organism receiving the Recomb DNA In the case of Fig 13-4 the Transgenic Org. is the bacterium that contains both bacterial DNA and human DNA

    9. Expression of Cloned Genes Read paragraphs at bottom of page 242

    10. DNA Technology Techniques Section 2

    11. DNA Fingerprints Read paragraph at top of page 243 In section 13-1... DNA Fingerprint is a pattern of bands made up of specific fragments from an individuals DNA Banding patterns of DNA fragments from two different individuals may be compared to establish whether they are related DNA fingerprints of members of two different species can also be compared to determine how closely the species are related

    12. DNA Fingerprints Figure 13-5 then 13-6 page 243 and 244 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis is the method for preparing a DNA fingerprint. It involves extracting DNA from a specimen of blood or other tissue and cutting it into fragments using R.E. Number of fragments and the length of each fragment vary from person to person.

    13. DNA Fingerprints Gel electrophoresis technique that separates the DNA fragments. Separates nucleic acids or proteins, primarily according to their size and charge. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can be used to quickly make many copies of selected segments of the available DNA. Used when there is a very tiny amount of DNA available.

    14. DNA Fingerprints A primer is an artificially made single-stranded sequence of DNA required for the initiation of replication. Read paragraph on page 246 The new copies of. Read Page 247

    15. Human Genome Project Human Genome Project with the use of DNA technology, scientists all over the world are collaborating on one of the most ambitious research efforts in the history of genetics. Goals of HGP: Determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome (approx. 3 billion nucleotide pairs or 100,000 genes) Map the location of every gene on each chromosome

    16. Human Genome Project Started in 1990 In 1996, 1% of the 3 billion nucleotide pairs of DNA in the human genome By knowing even 1% of the sequence, it is possible for scientists to establish the identity of and determine the function of about 16,000 genes.

    17. Gene Therapy Gene Therapy treating a genetic disorder by introducing a gene into a cell or by correcting a gene defect in a cells genome. Began to develop and test on human in 1990. Figure 13-8 Read Ethical Issues paragraph on page 248

    19. Practical Uses of DNA Technology Section 3

    20. Producing Pharmaceutical Products

    21. Producing Pharmaceutical Products

    22. Genetically Engineered Vaccines

    23. Genetically Engineered Vaccines

    24. Increasing Agricultural Yields

    25. Crops that do not need Fertilizer

    26. Genetically Engineered Foods

    27. Genetically Engineered Crops

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