WH.H.7 “The Great War” How did it get this far?...

1. WH.H.7“The Great War”How did it get this far?...

2. WH.H.7: • Understand how national, regional, and ethnic interests have contributed to conflict among groups and nations in the modern era. • Focus Question: • How did international competition and nationalism increase tensions in Europe? • Generalizations: • • World conflicts can cause domestic priorities to shift. • • Nationalism may have both a positive and negative impact on a nation as well as the global environment. • • Idealism often wanes in the face of conflict.

3. Essential Questions: • How did the Industrial Revolution lead to Imperialism? • What were the European motives for imperialism during the 19th century? • What were the positive and negative effects of nationalism? • How did militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism help lead to World War I?

4. WORLD WAR I REMEMBER THE M.A.I.N. CAUSES!!!!

5. MILITARISM THE GLORIFICATION AND BUILDUP OF THE ARMY AND NAVIES OF ALL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES MADE THEM CONFIDENT TO ATTACK FIRST OR LOSE FEAR OF THE WAR

6. Militarism • Militarism: the process of building up military strength for the purpose of intimidating other countries • If one nation builds up its military, then all others must do so as well

7. THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM BY MAKING AGREEMENTS TO FIGHT ALONG OTHER COUNTRIES MEANT THAT ANY DISPUTE FROM DIFFERENT ALLIANCES THREATENED TO BRING ALL COUNTRIES INTO CONFLICT

8. Confusing (& secret) alliances • 1882: Germany allied with Austria & Italy • 1894: France allied with Russia • 1904: Britain allied with France • Germany secretly allied with Ottomans • Britain secretly allied with Japan

9. IMPERIALISM THE COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES, COLONIES, EMPIRE, AND WORLD POWER WAS CREATING RIVALRIES AND HOSTILITIES BETWEEN NATIONS!!!!

10. NATIONALISM • Nationalism = intense pride in one’s own country or nationality • European states became more concerned with their own interests than with maintaining the peace that had held for close to 100 years

11. Nationalism FANATICAL PATRIOTISM TOWARDS ONES HOMELAND AND NATION THAT LEADS TO CONFLICTS, DECLARATIONS OF INDEPENDENCE, AND INCREASED TENSIONS AMONGST EUROPEAN NATIONS

12. Archduke Franz Ferdinand • 1863 – 1914 • Nephew of Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph & heir to the throne of Austria • Married Countess Sophie who was beneath him in station, essentially giving up his rights to the throne • Sent on an official state visit to Sarajevo in the Austrian-held province of Bosnia

14. Assassination • June 28, 1914 • Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a Bosnian nationalist • Austria demanded that Serbia, who had supposedly supported the assassins, turn over anyone who was involved in the plot

15. When Serbia refused, Austria declared war

16. Russia, which supported a policy of Pan-Slavism (unity of all Slavic peoples), demonstrated its support for Serbia by declaring war on Austria Russia enters the war

17. Germany, under their monarch Kaiser Wilhelm II, sided with Austria

18. Francewas allied with Russia

19. Germany invaded neutral Belgium to position themselves to attack France

20. Britain, who was allied with Belgium, declared war on Germany

21. “The Central Powers” Germany, Austria, & the Ottomans Later called… Triple Alliance “The Triple Entente”: Great Britain, France, & Russia Later called… The Allied Powers The Two Sides of WWI

24. The U.S. & The War

25. Woodrow Wilson 1856 – 1924 28th President (1913 – 21) A pacifist, he supported US neutrality (taking no sides) and isolationism (avoiding foreign conflicts) His Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, was also dedicated to neutrality

26. Americans Take Sides • Some were pro-Germany: German immigrants, Irish immigrants (who were more anti-British) • Pro-British: • most Americans identified with Britain because of having same language & culture • US businesses traded heavily with Britain, US banks had loaned Britain over $2 billion (had only loaned $27 million to Germany)

27. German U-boats • Germany attempted to prevent Britain & France from obtaining supplies from overseas by using submarines to attack shipping • Feb. 1915: Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfare in the waters around Britain – any ships could be attacked without warning

28. The Lusitania • May 7, 1916: German U-boat attacked and sank the British passenger liner Lusitania, killing nearly 1200 civilians, including 128 Americans • Wilson responded by warning Germany that it had a responsibility to protect non-combatants or risk war with the US

29. The Sussex Pledge • After a 2nd attack in March 1916 that injured Americans aboard the French ship Sussex, Wilson issued a sterner warning to Germany • Germany did not want the US to enter the war, so they promised to stop attacking merchant ships without warning • Wilson, who did not really want to enter the war, used the so-called Sussex Pledge as a political tool for getting re-elected

30. Election of 1916 • Wilson won re-election on the slogan “He kept us out of war!” • Isolationists’ numbers were dwindling though as the war in Europe grew more intense and US interests were threatened

31. Jeanette Rankin • 1880 – 1973 • Became the first woman to ever serve in Congress when she was elected by Montana to serve in the House of Representatives • Dedicated pacifist • the only member of Congress to vote against the US entering both WWI & WWII, also opposed the Korean & Vietnam Wars

32. The Zimmermann Telegram January 1917: German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann sent orders to the German ambassador in Mexico to offer Mexico an alliance with Germany Germany would help Mexico reclaim Texas, California, and the Southwest if Mexico could keep the US occupied and out of the war in Europe

33. Zimmermann Telegram Backfires • Zimmermann’s note was intercepted by the British and published in US newspapers • Most Americans were enraged and began to demand war

34. Germany’s New Plan • Germany decided they needed to end the war before the US could mobilize • Feb. 1, 1917: resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in the hopes they could force a quick British surrender • Began to attack US merchant ships without warning, prompting Wilson to take action

35. US Declares War April 2, 1917: Wilson appeared before Congress and asked for a declaration of war against Germany The Senate approved war by a vote of 82 to 6, the House by a vote of 373 to 50

36. -In his speech, Wilson said, “The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve.We desire NO conquest, no dominion.”-(imperialism!)