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Compartison of Selected Polish and English Transformations

Compartison of Selected Polish and English Transformations. Aleksandra Misiak. on the basis of Saloni, Z., Świdziński M. (1999), Składnia współczesnego języka polskiego , Warszawa:PWN Alexander, L.G., (1988), Longman English Grammar , London:Longman.

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Compartison of Selected Polish and English Transformations

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  1. Compartison of Selected Polish and English Transformations Aleksandra Misiak on the basis of Saloni, Z., Świdziński M. (1999), Składnia współczesnego języka polskiego, Warszawa:PWN Alexander, L.G., (1988), Longman English Grammar, London:Longman. Harrison, Z.,Structural Linguistics, (1989) Bąk ,P Gramatyka Języka Polskiego ,(1984 ) Warszawa, Wiedza Powszechna

  2. Grammatical features considered for particular categories P: NP(Gender, Person, Case, Number ) E: NP( _ , Person, Case, Number ) P: VP(Gender, Person, Number, Tense) E: VP( _ , Person, Number, Tense) P: AP(Gender, _ , Case, Number, Pred, Degree) E: AP( _ , _ , _ , _ , Pred, Degree) P: PERS_PRON(Gender, Person, Case, Number ) E: PERS_PRON( _ , _ , Case, _ ) P: REL_PRON(Gender, Case, Number) E: REL_PRON(Case , _ , _ )

  3. Polish transformations PASSIVIZATION NP(G1, P1, nom, L1) VP(g1, l1, p1, t) NP(G2, P2 , acc, L2)  Żołnierz strzeże granic NP2(G2, P2 , nom , L2) (g2, l2, p2, t) v-n(nom, g2, l2) Granice są strzeżone NP1 (G2, P2 , przez+Acc, L2) przez żołnierza BYĆ BYWAĆ ZOSTAĆ ZOSTAWAĆ

  4. English passive transformations NP1 ( _, P1, C1, N1 ) VP(_, p1, n1, t ) NP2 (_, P2, C2, N2) The soldier guards the border NP2 (_, P2, C1, N2)BE (_, p2, n2, t ) + ppraet The border is guarded BY-agent - NP1 ( _, P1, C2, N1 ) the soldier

  5. Negative Transformations • vf [n(acc)] nie vf [n(gen)] • Dziecko ma katar Dziecko nie ma kataru • Przyglądano się Piotrowi Nie przyglądano się Piotrowi • Pies coś zjadł Pies czegoś nie zjadł

  6. English transformations do t VP (_, p1, n1,t ) u t have (_, p1, n1,t ) not v(n) be Exceptions: may/might, can/could, should, ought to,will/would, must

  7. Examples A child has a cold A child does not have a cold Peter was observed Peter was not observed A dog ate something A dog ate nothing

  8. Polish transformations with indefinite pronouns ktoś (c) nikt (c) coś (c) nic (c) któryś (c,g,l ) żaden (c,g ,l) pewien (c, g,l) nie vf żaden (c,g,l) nie vf gdzieś nigdzie kiedyś nigdy

  9. Examples • Pies czegoś nie zjadł Pies niczego nie zjadł • Pies czegoś nie zjadł Pies nic nie zjadł • Gdzieś go nie ma Nigdzie go nie ma

  10. English transformations with indefinite pronouns something nobody something nothing t AUX not v one (c,l) v(_,p1,n1,t) neither of some (c,l) none of somewhere never once nowhere e.g A dog did not ate anything A dog ate nothing He is not here He is nowhere

  11. Transformations of the conditional sentences • cond1 { S1;S2 }jeśli S2 [to]S1 P: { Maria jest dumna; Maria urodziła syna } Jeśli Maria urodziła syna, to Maria jest dumna • cond1 {S1;S2 }if S2 [then ] S1 E:{Mary is proud ; Mary has given birth to a child } If Mary has given birth to a child, she is proud.

  12. Conditionals second and thirt; polish transformations cond2,3 { t v1-ł (g1, n1, p1 ) u ; w v2-ł (g2 , n2, p2 ) z } jeśliby -m ( n2,p2 ) w v2-ł (g2, n2 ) z, [to] t v1-ł (g1, n1, p1)-by u gdyby e.g { Przyszedłem; Zaprosiłeś mnie } Jeślibyś zaprosił mnie, przyszedłbym

  13. Conditionals second and thirt; english transformations t v1( t1) w ; z v 2 ( t2 ) u if z v2 ( t2 ) u then t v1( t1) w e.g { I came; you invited me} 1) If you had invited me, I would have come 2) If you had invited me, I would come 3) If you invited me, I would come 4) If you invited me, I came 5) If you would invite me, I would came

  14. Conditional sentences;comparison of Polish and English

  15. Polish predicative transformations { NP( G1, P1, C1, N1 ) VP ( t1 ) ; NP( G1, P1, nom, N1) BYĆ (g1, n1, p1, t1 ) AP( nom, g1, n1 )} NP( G1, P1, C1, N1 ) VP ( t1 ) AP( c1, g1, n1 ) e.g { Pies wrócił do domu ; Pies był wycieńczony } Pies wrócił do domu wycieńczony

  16. English predicative transformations { NP( _, P1, C1, N1 ) VP ( t1 ) ; NP( _, P1, nom, N1 ) BE (_, p1, n1, t1 ) AP(_,_,_,_, Pred,_ )} NP( _, P1, C1, N1 ) VP ( t1 ) AP(_,_,_,_, Pred,_ ) e.g {A dog came back home ; A dog was worn-out } A dog came back home worn-out

  17. Transformations Rhem; polish transformations t x u to x t u Chłopiec ma psa To chłopiec ma psa a( c, g, n ) NP( G, C, N ) To a( c, g, n ) NP( G, C, N ) t u e.g Maria zjadła tamten kawałek To tamten kawałek Maria zjadła

  18. Transformations Rhem ; English transformations t NP(_, P, C, N ) u It`s NP(_, P, C, N ) Rel_ Pron (_, C, _, ) t u e.g A boy has a dog It`s a boy who has a dog t D_ Pron ( n ) NP(_, P, C, N ) u It`s D_Pron ( n ) Rel_Pron(_,c ) NP(_, P, C, N ) u t e.g Mary ate that piece It`s that piece Mary ate

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