Understanding the Nervous System: Structure, Brain, Endocrine, and Heredity

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1: The Nervous System: The Basic Structure Section 2:Studying the Brain Section 3:The Endocrine System Section 4:Heredity and Environment Chapter Menu

3. Chapter Objectives · Section 1 The Nervous System: The Basic Structure Understand that the nervous system helps us know how messages that are sent to and from the brain cause behavior. Chapter Preview 1

4. Chapter Objectives · Section 2 Studying the Brain Discuss the many parts of the brain that work together to coordinate movement and stimulate thinking and emotions. Chapter Preview 2

5. Chapter Objectives · Section 3 The Endocrine System Explain how the endocrine system controls and excites growth and affects emotions and behavior. Chapter Preview 3

6. Chapter Objectives · Section 4 Heredity and Environment Identify heredity and environment and analyze how they affect your body and behavior. Chapter Preview 4

7. Chapter Preview-End

8. Main Idea Learning about the nervous system helps us know how messages that are sent to and from the brain cause behavior. Section 1-Main Idea

9. Vocabulary • central nervous system (CNS) • spinal cord • peripheral nervous system (PNS) • neurons • synapse • neurotransmitters • somatic nervous system (SNS) • automatic nervous system (ANS) Section 1-Key Terms

10. Lesson Essential Questions • What are the parts of the nervous system? • What are the functions of the nervous system? Section 1-Objectives

11. A B C D What does the nervous system control? A.emotions B.movements C.thinking D.behavior Section 1-Polling Question

12. How the Nervous System Works • The nervous system controls your emotions, movements, thinking, and behavior—almost everything you do. • It is divided into two parts: • Thecentral nervous system (CNS)—the brain and spinal cord. • Theperipheral nervous system (PNS)—these small branches of nerves conduct information from the bodily organs to the CNS and take information back to the organs. Section 1

13. How the Nervous System Works (cont.) • All parts of the nervous system are protected in some way (the skull protects the brain and so forth). The Nervous System Section 1

14. How the Nervous System Works (cont.) • Neurons are the long, thin cells of nerve tissues along which messages travel to and from the brain (much like a flame travels along a firecracker fuse). • Transmission between neurons, or nerve cells, occurs whenever the cells are stimulated past a minimum point and emit a signal. Anatomy of Two Neurons Section 1

15. How the Nervous System Works (cont.) • Neurons have four basic parts: • Dendrites – short, thin fibers that protrude from the cell body • Cell body – contains nucleus • An axon – carries impulses to axon terminals • Axon terminals – release neurotransmitters to stimulate dendrites of the next neuron Section 1

16. How the Nervous System Works (cont.) • A white, fatty substance called the myelin sheath insulates and protects the axon from some neurons. • A synapse is a junction or connection between the neurons. The Synapse Section 1

17. How the Nervous System Works (cont.) • A neuron transmits its impulse or message to another neuron across the synapse by releasing neurotransmitters. • Neurotransmitters can excite the next neuron or stop it from transmitting. • The synapse only allows signals to move in one direction. Section 1

18. How the Nervous System Works (cont.) • There are many different neurotransmitters including: • Norepinephrine • Endorphin • Acetylcholine • Dopamine • Serotonin Section 1

19. How the Nervous System Works (cont.) • The actual destination of nerve impulses is limited by what tract in the nervous system they are on. • Ascending tracts carry sensory impulses to the brain. • Descending tracts carry motor impulses from the brain. Section 1

20. How the Nervous System Works (cont.) • There are different types of neurons: • Afferent (sensory)—relay messages from the sense organs to the brain. • Efferent (motor)—send signals from the brain to the glands and muscles. • Interneurons—process signals connecting only to other neurons. Section 1

21. How the Nervous System Works (cont.) • Somatic nervous system (SNS)—the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles. • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)—the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary internal biological functions. Section 1

22. How the Nervous System Works (cont.) • The ANS has two parts: • The sympathetic nervous system—Prepares the body for dealing with emergencies or strenuous activity • The parasympathetic nervous system—Conserves energy and helps recover from strenuous activity Section 1

23. A B C D How many basic parts does a neuron have? A.one B.two C.three D.four Section 1

24. Bellwork • Read “Exploring Psychology” on p. 160. Answer: How did Hippocrates help change the notion that that the brain, not the heart, was the source of thoughts and feelings? Section 1

25. Section 1-End

26. Main Idea There are many parts in the human brain that work together to coordinate movement and stimulate thinking and emotions. Section 2-Main Idea

27. Vocabulary • hindbrain • midbrain • forebrain • lobes • electroencephalograph (EEG) • computerized axial tomography (CT) • positron emission tomography (PET) • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Section 2-Key Terms

28. Lesson Essential Questions • What are the structure and functions of the human brain? • In what different ways do psychologists study the brain? Section 2-Objectives

29. A B C D How many general areas comprised the human brain? A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Five Section 2-Polling Question

30. The Three Brains • The brain is composed of three parts: • Thehindbrain • Themidbrain • Theforebrain The Parts of the Brain Section 2

31. Section 2 The Three Brains • Thehindbrain – rear base of skull 1. cerebellum • located behind spinal cord • posture, balance, voluntary movements 2. medulla oblongata • located mid-brainstem below pons • breathing, heart rate, variety of reflexes 3. pons • located at top of brain stem • serves as bridge between spinal cord and brain • involved in producing sleep chemicals

32. Themidbrain part of brain stem above the pons integrates sensory information and relays it upward nerve pathway of cerebral hemispheres Brain stem = medulla, pons, midbrain Reticular activating system (RAS) / Reticular Formation spans across brain stem (medulla, pons, midbrain) alerts the rest of the brain to incoming signals involved in the sleep/wake cycle The Three Brains

33. The Three Brains (cont.) • The higher thinking processes are located in the forebrain: • Cerebral cortex • Outer layer of forebrain • Learning, complex & abstract info., thinking about future, see, read, understand language • Cerebrum • Inner layer of forebrain • The cerebral cortex and cerebrum surround the hindbrain and brain stem like a mushroom. • Limbic system – core of the forebrain, surrounded by cerebrum Section 2

34. The Three Brains (cont.) • The limbic system (found in the core of the forebrain, surrounded by the cerebrum) includes the: • Hypothalamus – body temp., thirst, hunger, sex • Amygdala – violent emotions • Thalamus – integration of sensory input • Hippocampus – formation of memories The Cerebral Cortex Section 2

35. The Three Brains (cont.) • The cerebrum has two hemispheres connected by a band of fibers called the corpus callosum. • Each cerebral hemisphere has deep grooves, some of which mark regions, or lobes(the different regions into which the cerebral cortex is divided). Section 2

36. Section 2 The Three Brains (cont.) • There are four lobes: • Occipital lobe – vision • Parietal lobe – body sensations • Primary somatosensory cortex – front of parietal lobe, sense of touch • Temporal lobe – hearing, memory, emotion, speaking • Frontal lobe – organization, planning, thinking, judging right and wrong, personality • Primary motor cortex – back of frontal lobe, fine movement control

37. The Three Brains (cont.) • The right and left hemispheres of the brain complement and help each other. • They are roughly mirror images of each other. Functions of the Brain’sHemispheres Section 2

38. The Three Brains (cont.) • Each hemisphere is connected to one-half the body in crisscrossed fashion (the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa). Functions of the Brain’sHemispheres Section 2

39. The Three Brains (cont.) • The right side controls: • Visual and spatial relations • Perceptual tasks • Recognition of patterns • Creativity and intuition Functions of the Brain’sHemispheres Section 2

40. The Three Brains (cont.) • The left side controls: • Speech • Mathematical ability • Calculation • Logic Functions of the Brain’sHemispheres Section 2

41. The Three Brains (cont.) • Severing the corpus callosum can decrease the severity and amount of grand mal seizures a person is experiencing. • This results in a split brain—the person has two brains that operate independently of each other. Roger Wolcott Sperry Section 2

42. A B C Which part of the brain controls your heart rate? A.Hindbrain B.Midbrain C.Forebrain Section 2

43. How Psychologists Study the Brain • Psychologists who study the brain are known as physiological psychologists, psychobiologists, or neuroscientists. Section 2

44. How Psychologists Study the Brain (cont.) • The methods used to explore the brain include: • Recording with an electroencephalograph (EEG) • Stimulation • Lesioning • Accidents Section 2

45. How Psychologists Study the Brain (cont.) • Imaging is also used to study the brain: • Computerized axial tomography (CT) • Positron emission tomography (PET) • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Brain Activity on a PETScan Section 2

46. What Head Injuries Teach Us About the Brain Mystery Diagnosis:

47. Ataxia is caused by injury to the…

48. Hippocampus Amnesia is caused by damage to the…

49. Urbach-Wiethe Disease involves hardening of the… A woman developed Urbach-Wiethe disease. Doctors were trying to diagnose her, and one of the tests they gave her was this one: to draw faces depicting certain emotions—happy, sad, etc. Which picture doesn’t look like the emotion it’s supposed to represent? This woman couldn’t draw what fear was. She also couldn’t recognize when people she was talking to were fearful. She also didn’t report experiencing much fear herself.

50. If you walk up to a person with blindsight and say, “What color is my shirt?” they’ll say they don’t know, they can’t see. However, if you then ask them to guess what hand you’re holding an item in, they guess right more often than not. Also, if you throw something toward a person with blindsight, they will sometimes dodge out of the way. People with blindsight have damaged the area of the brain responsible for processing vision information. These people’s eyes still work, and so do structures connected to their eyes. They just aren’t aware of what they’re seeing. It’s like when you hold someone’s eyes open while they’re asleep. They can see images, but they’re not aware of seeing them. Occipital Lobe What is responsible for blindsight?