Chapter 1 – A Nation is Born – Beginnings to 1789

1. Chapter 1 – A Nation is Born – Beginnings to 1789

2. Why Do People Rebel? Even today, Americans grow frustrated when the government raises taxes. In the early colonial era, Americans grew accustomed to running their own affairs. So when Britain tried to reestablish control, tensions mounted over taxes and basic rights. When do you think it is acceptable to rebel against a government?

3. Converging Cultures Contact among the cultures of three continents changed the society of each culture.

4. The Earliest Americans Native Americans adapted to their environments and developed diverse cultures.

5. The Earliest Americans (cont) • Anthropologists think the earliest civilization in the Americas arose between 1500 B.C. and 1200 B.C. among the Olmec people in southern Mexico. • Around A.D. 300, the Hohokam began farming in what is today Arizona. • The Hopewell of North America’s eastern woodlands also developed their own culture around 1500 B.C. • Between A.D. 700 and 900, the Mississippian people created Cahokia.

6. The Native American culturesvaried depending on the region. • * Eastern Woodlands—hunting and fishing combined with farming • * Southeast—women did most of the farming, while the men hunted • * Southwest—Zuni, Hopi, and Navajo farmed while the Apache remained nomadic hunters • * Western Great Plains—hunting while camping in tepees • * Pacific Coast—fishing • * Southern Pacific Coast—trapping small game and gathering acorns • * Far North—hunting seals, walruses, whales, polar bears, and caribou

7. European Explorations European countries began to explore the world and established colonies in the Americas.

8. Rulers of Portugal, Spain, France, and England wanted to find a sailing route to Asia that would bypass the merchants and traders from Italy and the Middle East. In the early 1400s, Spain funded an expedition by Christopher Columbus to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean. He landed on present-day San Salvador Island, but believed he had reached Asia.

9. European Explorations (cont.) Native Americans introduced the Europeans to the following: New farming methods Corn, potatoes, squash, pumpkins, beans, and chocolate Canoes Snowshoes Ponchos

10. European Explorations The Europeans introduced the Native Americans to the following: Wheat, rice, coffee, bananas, citrus fruits Domestic livestock (chickens, cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses) Better metal-working methods New diseases

11. Early French and English Settlement The French and English settled in North America, and English colonists began their own local governments. In 1607 the English established the colony of Jamestown in Virginia.It was funded by a joint-stock company.Virginia became a royal colony run by a governor appointed by the king.

12. Early French and English Settlement (cont.) In 1620 the Pilgrims landed off the coast of Cape Cod in the Mayflower. They drew up a plan for self-government called the Mayflower Compact. Many more Puritans fled persecution in England. Massachusetts set up a representative government with an elected assembly to make laws.

13. The Thirteen Colonies As English settlements grew, colonists developed different forms of government.

14. The New England Colonies • Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson were both exiled from Massachusetts because of their religious views. • Rhode Island was eventually founded as a place of religious freedom. • Reverend Thomas Hooker moved his congregation from Massachusetts to Connecticut because he disagreed with the political system. • The new colony adopted America’s first written constitution, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. • New England Puritans valued the following: • Religious devotion • Hard work • Obedience to strict rules • Town life

15. The Thirteen Colonies (cont.) From Connecticut to Maine, colonists practiced subsistence farming. Maritime activity brought prosperity to New England. A thriving lumber industry developed as well. By the end of King Philip’s War in 1678, few Native Americans were left in New England.

16. The Middle Colonies: • Charles the II seized New Netherland from the Dutch and granted the land to his brother, James, the Duke of York. • He renamed it New York. • The rest of the land became New Jersey. • In 1681 King Charles gave William Penn permission to create a new colony—Pennsylvania. • Coastal land to the southeast of his land later became Delaware. • The Middle Colonies were blessed with fertile land and a long growing season.

17. The Southern Colonies: • Tobacco helped Virginia to thrive. • Maryland was a proprietary colony, and passed the Toleration Act of 1649. • Agriculture was the focus of the Southern economy. • There was plenty of land, but not enough people to work it. • Many poor English people came to America as indentured servants. • Southern farmers also relied on the labor of enslaved Africans. • Southern society was organized in the following way: • Large landowners—few in number, but dominated Southern society • Small farmers living inland in the backcountry—the majority of Southern society • Tenant farmers

18. Section 2 – A Diverse Society • The American colonies experienced rapid population growth. The importation of enslaved Africans continued even as colonists engaged in philosophical and religious discussions about the rights of individuals.

19. Growth of Colonial America • Between 1640 – 1700 > 25,000 to 250,000 • 2,500,000 by 1776 • Better housing and sanitation plus high birth rates. • Disease remained a constant fear.

20. Growth of Colonial America cont. • Trade and the Rise of Cities: • Triangular trade route – Europe, Africa, Americas • Colonial merchants grew wealthy, built factories • Colonial cities grew – 1760 > Philadelphia 30,000 & New York 25,000 • Social Classes developed.

21. Growth of Colonial America cont. • Immigrants • 1700 -1775 > hundreds of thousands of free whites arrive • Settled in Middles colonies, esp. Pennsylvania • Germans, Scotts, Irish • Fleeing religious wars, high taxes, poor harvests, and religious persecution. • 1776 – 1,500 Jews lived in colonies. Allowed to worship but not allowed to vote or hold public office.

22. Growth of Colonial America cont. • Women • Not treated equally, esp. married women. • Married women could not own property, make contracts or wills. • Husbands were the sole guardians of the children, could physically discipline children and wives. • Single women could own and manage property, make contracts and run businesses. • 1700’s hardships remained but some improvements for married women.

23. Growth of Colonial America cont. • Enslaved Africans • 10 to 12 million Africans enslaved and sent to Americas. 2 million died at sea. • Of the 8 to 10 million that survived, 500,000 sent to British colonies. • 1619 - “Christian Servants” arrived in Virginia • 1775 Over 500,000 throughout colonies. 20% of total population. • Slave codes greatly restricted enslaved Africans. • Most slaves in South, harsh and brutal plantations.

24. New Ideas • The ideas of justified revolutions, the Enlightenment, and the Great Awakening made the colonists question their role as English subjects and their limited freedom under mercantilists policies.

25. New Ideas cont. • Charles II • Believed the colonies should be used to generate wealth for England. • Navigation Acts – Laws passed by Parliament that greatly restricted colonial trade and created revenue for England. • Inflation in the colonies. • Colonial merchants resort to smuggling to avoid high taxes.

26. New Ideas cont. • James II • Succeeded brother Charles II • Enacted several measures to enforce English law. • Took away Massachusetts charter, became a royal colony. • Created a royal province called the Dominion of New England. Would encompass 6 colonies. • New taxes, greater enforcement of Navigation Acts, Puritan Church authority undermined.

27. New Ideas cont. • The Glorious Revolution • James II – Catholic in a Protestant England. • Parliament invited James’s daughter Mary and her husband William to throne – both Protestants. • They had to accept the English Bill of Rights before coronation. • William and Mary restored colonial freedoms and self-government. • The Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights inspired the colonists and the American Revolution.

28. New Ideas cont. • The Enlightenment (writers) • John Locke – Natural rights (basic human rights) and human understanding ( born with ability to improve one’s life) • Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Government should be formed by the consent of the people, who then make the laws they will live under. • Baron Montesquieu – 3 branches of government, separation of powers, checks and balances.

29. Q. How did the Glorious Revolution affect the colonies?A. When William and Mary assumed the throne, Parliament required them to accept the English Bill of Rights, which granted freedom of speech, banned excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments, and guaranteed every English subject the right to an impartial jury in legal cases. As English subjects, these rights were guaranteed to the colonists too. William and Mary also restored the colonies right to resume their previous form of government, and they stopped interfering in their religion.The Glorious Revolution also suggested to the colonists that a revolution was justified if the government in power was violating individual rights.The English Bill of Rights was the foundation for many of the colonists’ complaints against the King and it inspired our own Bill of Rights.

30. Q. How (specifically) did the Enlightenment Thinkers inspire the Founding Fathers.A. John Locke’s theory of government and natural law influenced Thomas Jefferson when he wrote about the rights of life, liberty, and happiness in the Declaration of Independence. Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract inspired the Founding Fathers to assert that a government was only legitimate if it had the consent of the people.At the Constitutional Convention, our Founding Fathers were inspired by Baron Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws, whichsuggested that there are three types of political power and that power should be separated into three branches of government and the branches should each check the power of the other branches.

31. Section 3 – The American Revolution

32. Growing Rebelliousness • Escalating tensions over British control of the colonies resulted in a true revolt against British rule. The colonies established a new government for themselves and won their independence.

33. The French and Indian War • 1754 – 1759 > France and Great Britain fought for control of the Ohio Valley. • France wanted to continue fur trading while the British wanted to establish settlements in the region. • Both sides allied themselves with Native American tribes. • Britain won the war and France lost all its possessions in North America.

34. Unpopular Regulations. • Proclamation Act of 1763 • Sugar Act of 1764 • Quartering Act of 1765 • Stamp Act of 1765 • Sons of Liberty formed. • Protests and boycotts. • Stamp Act repealed in 1766. • Townshend Acts of 1767 • Boston Massacre, 1770

35. The Boston Massacre

36. The Colonists Defy Britain • committees of correspondence – inter-colony communication • Tea Act of 1773 • Boston Tea Party – 1773 • Coercive Acts of 1774 (Intolerable Acts) • Quebec Act of 1774 • First Continental Congress – September 1774

37. The Revolution Begins • Massachusetts militia – the minute men. • Loyalists or Tories (New England and Virginia) • Patriots or Whigs (Georgia, North and South Carolina, and New York) • April 1775 – Lexington and Concord • May 1775 – Bunker Hill • May/June 1775 – Second Continental Congress meets. • George Washington named general and commander in chief of the Continental Army.

38. Decision for Independence • July, 1775 – Continental Congress send King George the Olive Branch Petition. • King rejects OBP and declares the colonists “open and avowed enemies”. • January 1776, Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense • July 4th, 1776 Declaration of Independence signed.

39. War for Independence • British Advantages • Money • Size, discipline, and experience of army • Navy • Supplies

40. War for Independence • Colonial Advantages • “Home field advantage” • Local support • Guerrilla warfare • Shorter supply routes • A Greater Cause • George Washington

41. Read pages 28 & 29 in the text and complete a Key Battles of the Revolution chart

42. The Northern Campaign • Under General Howe, Britain captures New York City • Dec. 25, 1776 Washington crosses Delaware River and captures Trenton, New Jersey • September 1777, General Howe wins Battle of Brandywine Creek and captures Philadelphia, but Continental Congress escape. • January 1778, under General Burgoyne, Britain loses Battle of Saratoga (turning point of the war) • February 1778, France openly aides America.

43. Fighting on Other Fronts • America wins battles on Western frontier • Britain has success in South, captures Savannah, GA and Charlestown, SC • October 7, 1780 Battles of Kings Mountain, Colonial victory ousts British from South.

44. The American Victory • Fall of 1781, British General Cornwallis trapped in Yorktown, VA. Washington has him surrounded by land and French navy has him surrounded by sea. • October 19, 1781 – 8,000 British troops surrender. • British Parliament votes to end the war. • April, 1782 Peace talks begin • September 3, 1783 Treaty of Paris is signed • Mississippi River is western border • Florida is given to Spain • Canada remains in British control • November 24, 1783 Last British troops leave New York City

45. Section 4 – The Constitution The states created constitutions that gave people more rights, but the national framework could not address all the problems of the new nation.

46. New State Constitutions / Changes in Society • Virginia and Massachusetts set up 3 branch governments with bi-cameral (2-house) legislatures. • Most state constitutions included a bill of rights • Separation of church and state • Expanded voting rights and opportunities to run for elected office (for white, male taxpayers) • Women and African-Americans made no gains in politics.

47. Weak National Government • March 2, 1781 – The Articles of Confederation take effect. • A loose union of states under a federal government • Congress had limited power, 1 vote per state • Congress could negotiate with other countries, declare war and raise an army. • Congress could NOT regulate trade or impose taxes. • Congress could not compel states to honor treaties made with other countries. • Congress could not raise money to pay off war debts or the expenses of running the government • States issued their own money

48. Shay’s Rebellion • States raised taxes to increase their revenue, small farmers were losing property because they couldn’t pay the taxes, led to Shay’s Rebellion • Rebellion put down but made Congress realize changes had to be made.

49. A New Constitution • 1787 Articles need to be revised • May 1787, Every state sent representatives to Philadelphia to “revise” the Articles, except Rhode Island • The 55 delegates soon determined that they needed to create a new government • Meeting became the Constitutional Convention • George Washington named Presiding Officer

50. Debate and Compromise State Representation Taxation and Representation • Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) • Legislative branch would have 2 chambers • Senate would be equal representation, 2 per state, chosen by state legislatures. • House representation would be determined by population and chosen by voters. • The Three-Fifth’s Compromise • Southern states wanted slaves to count towards the population for representation. • Northern states wanted slaves to count towards the population for taxation. • Every 5 slaves would count as 3 people when calculating the population of a state.