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Early Civilizations-Rome The Republic

Early Civilizations-Rome The Republic. Origins. Unknown Story: Romulus and Remus , 753 B.C.E., founded Rome. Latins Latium Plain Greeks Southern coast Diffusion of culture. Origins ( Con’t ). Etruscans North of Tiber River Written language, fine clothing Expert sailors, traders

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Early Civilizations-Rome The Republic

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  1. Early Civilizations-Rome The Republic

  2. Origins • Unknown • Story: Romulus and Remus, 753 B.C.E., founded Rome. • Latins • Latium Plain • Greeks • Southern coast • Diffusion of culture

  3. Origins (Con’t) • Etruscans • North of Tiber River • Written language, fine clothing • Expert sailors, traders • Conquered Rome and Latium (600 BCE) • Brought concrete, roads. • Etruscan Kings • Established a senate • Patricians

  4. Roman Republic • 509 BCE: Patricians rebelled • Defeated Etruscan Kings • Roman Republic lasted from 509 to 27 BCE

  5. Geography • Rome-located on Tiber River, Italy. • Located on Latium Plain • Easily defended b/c on 7 hills, far enough inland against sea raids. • 2 other major plains-Tuscany, Southern Plain. • Not as mountainous as Greece.

  6. Geography (Con’t) • Mainly farmers • What types of crops did they grow? • Wheat, grapes, olives • Pig, sheep, cows, fish • Did they have a better army or navy? • Army due to geography.

  7. Geography (Rome the Republic)

  8. Government • Republic • New form of government • Citizens voted to elect representatives • Rule not inherited • Consuls • Two elected, served for one year. • Veto power • Could become temporary dictator during war. • Expected to give up dictatorship after war. • Senate • 300 patricians • Power to pass laws • Not a direct democracy • Only patricians could vote

  9. Government (Con’t) • Plebeians -“Common people” • Farmers, merchants, laborers • Paid taxes • Served in army • Needed to defend and protect Rome • Couldn’t marry outside their class • Could be sold into slavery • Had little power alone

  10. Government (Con’t) • Plebeians gain power. • 494 BCE: Right to elect 2 Tribunes • Tribunes=Patrician representatives who spoke for plebeians • Overtime, number of tribunes increased • 280 BCE: Republic became more democratic • Plebeians could hold political office • Could be elected to the senate • One consul could be elected from Plebeian class • Stayed this way until after Punic Wars

  11. Religion and Philosophy • Romans were polytheistic. • Mythology based on Greek gods, goddesses. • Given Latin names, fit to own needs. • Adopted Greek philosophies of Epicurianism and Stoicism. • Romans were very loyal to their city.

  12. Communication • Spoke Latin, spread Latin throughout their lands. • Spanish, French, Romanian, etc. • Greek was universal language, language of education. • Build thousands of miles of roads to connect their cities. • Used to transfer ideas, military, and facilitate trade.

  13. Technology and Innovation • Political Innovation: Electing of representatives-Senate-Republic. • Our government based on Roman form of government. • SPQR • Political Innovation: citizenship • Citizenship was granted to people who lived in Rome, eventually given to all people who lived in Roman territory. • Social Innovation: civil laws to protect individual rights. • Law of the Twelve Tables.

  14. Technology and Innovation (Con’t) • Military Technology: made a more flexible phalanx, legion. • Legion-made up of 6,000 men. • Wore iron, had a large rectangular shield that curved.

  15. Technology and Innovation (Con’t) • Came up with new formation (Tortoise) to besiege cities. • Used a spear to disable shields, effective at using the short sword. • Conquered most of the known world.

  16. Trade and Economy • Economy based on farming and commerce. • Used roads to connect the territories and the cities. • Also had trade routes over the ocean. • Business was conducted in the Roman forum. • Forum-marketplace.

  17. Trade and Economy (Con’t) • Used coins made of gold, silver and copper to conduct business. • Used Roman numerals and an abacus as well.

  18. Arts and Leisure • Went to plays and performances in amphitheaters. • Attended chariot races. • Attended athletic events in the arenas (foot racing, wrestling, boxing, etc.) • Got this from the Greeks. • Also attended gladiatorial games.

  19. Arts and leisure (Con’t) • Went to the public baths to relax. • Talked about events and politics. • All people gathered at the baths. • Wealthy hosted their own house parties.

  20. Conflicts • By 340 B.C.E, Rome conquered the Latium Plain. • By 264 B.C.E, Rome conquered most of modern-day Italy. • Came into conflict with Carthage.

  21. Conflicts-Punic Wars • Rome, Carthage fought for control of West Med. • First Punic Wars (264 to 241 B.C.E) • Called the Punic (Phoenician) Wars • Rome defeats Carthage • Gains Sicily and Carthage has to pay a tribute.

  22. Conflicts-Punic Wars (Con’t) • Second Punic War (218-202 BCE) • Carthage wants revenge • Hannibal-greatest general of Carthage. • Battle of Cannae (216 B.C.E)-Hannibal killed60,000 Roman soldiers. • Sig: worst defeat in Roman History • Battle of Zama (202 B.C.E)-Scipio defeated Hannibal outside of Carthage. • Sig: Carthage lost, not dominant power

  23. Conflicts • Third Punic War (149-146 BCE) • Roman invasion of Carthage. • Rome made Carthage a province. • Sig of Punic Wars-Rome now West. Med. power

  24. Mare Nostrum (Our Sea) • By 133 BCE, Rome controlled Greek city-states and Asia Minor • Master of the Mediterranean Sea • Called Mediterranean Sea “Mare Nostrum”

  25. Internal Conflicts-Problems with Expansion • Republic depended on citizen-soldiers • Before expansion: fought only in Italy • With expansion: more territory to defend • Tax problems • Led to civil wars: • Professional soldiers loyal to general

  26. Internal Conflicts-First Triumvirate • 60 BCE • Three men agreed to rule together • Crassus (wealthy politician)-Spain • Pompey (general)-Syria • Julius Caesar (general)-Gaul • Lasted less than 10 years • Civil War between Pompey, Caesar. Who wins?

  27. Julius Caesar • Accomplishments • Gave jobs to poor • Passed tougher crime laws • Made Roman calendar more accurate (Julian calendar) • Conquered Gaul (modern-day France)

  28. Julius Caesar • 44 BCE: declared dictator for life • Was beloved by people • Titles after him: Czar, Kaiser • Assassinated on March 15, 44 BCE • Etu Brute? • Led to civil wars

  29. Second Triumvirate • Three men/three areas • Octavian (west) • Mark Antony (east) • Marcus Lepidus (N. Africa) • Shared power over Italy • Lepidus retired, leading to Mark Antony and Octavian fighting for complete power. • 27 BCE: End of Roman Republic

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