Fighting for the Four Freedoms: World War II

1. Fighting for the Four Freedoms: World War II

2. Fighting for the Four Freedoms: World War II • What to expect during this unit • To learn about the events leading up to World War II • To learn about World War II • To learn about the results of the war • DBQ Practice • Plenty of group work • Maybe a surprise quiz or two • Unit Test

3. K-W-L World War II - TTYN World War II What I Want to Learn about WWII What I Learned about WWII What I Know about WWII

4. World War II The Road to War 1930’s, U.S. preoccupied with the economic crisis • FDR departs from traditional American foreign policy. • 1933, hoping to stimulate American trade, FDR exchanges ambassadors with the Soviet Union • The Good Neighbor Policy, which repudiated the right to intervene militarily in the internal affairs of Latin America. i.e. repeal of the Platt Amendment • Japan becomes a Super Power. Japan is a Super Power! • 1931, Japan invades Manchuria • Pan-Asianism • 1937, Japan moves further into China, which included Nanjing – resulting in the massacre of 300K Chinese (The Nanjing Massacre or the Rape of Nanjing) Warning

5. World War II The Road to War • After consolidating his rule in Germany, Adolf Hitler embarks on a campaign to dominate the entire continent. • 1936, In violation of the Versailles Treaty, Hitler rearms Germany • Sends troops into the Rhineland (area between Germany and France) • France, Great Britain, and the United States do nothing TTYN If you are Adolf Hitler and you managed to rearm your nation and send troops into the Rhineland what might you be thinking? • Italian leader, Mussolini invades and conquers Ethiopia • Spain leader, Francisco Franco proves victorious during the Spanish Civil War and establishes another Fascist government • Hitler annexes Austria and the Sudetenland and parts of Czechoslovakia – later Hitler takes the entire country. • FDR’s Quarantine Speech • The Policy of Appeasement

6. World War II The Road to War DBQ Time In complete sentences, interpret the following two documents. Document 1 “The High Contracting Parties solemnly declare in the names of their respective peoples that they condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies, and renounce it, as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another.” Document 2 “It is my determination to pursue a policy of peace.  It is my determination to adopt every practicable measure to avoid involvement in war.  It ought to be inconceivable that in this modern era, and in the face of experience, any nation could be so foolish and ruthless as to run the risk of plunging the whole world into war by invading and violating in contravention of solemn treaties, the territory of other nations that have done them no real harm and which are too weak to protect themselves adequately.  Yet the peace of the world and the welfare and security of every nation, including our own, is today being threatened by that very thing.”

7. World War II The Road to War Document 1 Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 • After breaking the isolationist policy during World War I in 1917, the United States returned to their reclusive ways during the 1920s, by drawing up a series of antiwar treaties. • Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) • 15 nations signed including the United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany. • Each nation declared that they would no longer engage in war “as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another.” Document 2 Franklin D. Roosevelt: Quarantine the Aggressors Chicago, October 5, 1937

8. World War II The Road to War • 1935 marked the beginning of the “Era of Neutrality” • Series of Neutrality Acts that banned travel on belligerents ships and the sale of arms to countries at war • Despite the fact that the Spanish Civil War pitted a democratic government against an aspiring fascist dictator, Western democracies, including the U.S., imposed an arms embargo to both sides. • War in Europe • Desperate to avoid war, and anxious to avoid an alliance with Stalin and the Soviet Union, Neville Chamberlain (GB) and Daladier (France) agreed that Germany could have the Sudetenland. In return, Hitler promised not to make any further territorial demands in Europe – The Appeasement Policy. • Nonaggression Pact signed between Stalin and Hitler • Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler immediately invades Poland…then Scandinavia, Belgium, and the Netherlands. • By June, 1940, Germany occupies Paris • Sept., 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan create a military alliance known as the Axis

9. World War II The Road to War • Great Britain stands Alone • 1940-1941, The Battle of Britain • Churchill calls for the “new world, with all its power and might” to step forward to rescue the old. • Americans remained desperate to remain out of the conflict • 1940, Congress authorizes the sale of arms to Great Britain on a “cash and carry” basis. TTYN Your neighbor’s house is on fire. The nearest fire station is twenty miles away and you own the only hose on the street. Do you loan your neighbor your hose (and yes, you like your neighbor)? TTYN Europe just called. Allegedly there is lunatic with a “Charlie Chapin” mustache running wild throughout Europe and they need your help if they are to survive. What should the United States do? • Great Britain is nearly bankrupt, it could no longer pay for supplies • At Roosevelt’s urging, Congress passes the Lend-Lease Act. • U.S. sends arms to G.B., China, and the Soviet Union • FDR froze Japanese assets in the U.S., including the sale of oil to Japan

10. World War II The War “Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan” -FDR

11. World War II The War • Until November 1941, attention focused on Europe, but near the end of the month, intercepted Japanese messages revealed that an assault in the Pacific was imminent. No one, however, knew when or where. • A Complete and Devastating Surprise! • On December 7, 1941, Japanese planes, launched off aircraft carriers, bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. • Over 2,000 Dead • 18 naval vessels and 187 aircraft either destroyed or damaged • No aircraft carriers docked at the time – this would prove to be a decisive factor throughout the war in the Pacific In response, the United States declared war on Japan. Following Germany's declaration of war on the United States, the United States also declared war on Germany.

12. World War II The War

13. World War II The War

14. World War II The War Economic Warfare: How the United States Economic Policy Led to War • Sept. 1941, after Japan’s invasion of French Indochina, the U.S. placed an embargo on Japan by prohibiting exports of steel, iron, and aviation fuel • April 1941, Japan signs a neutrality treaty with the Soviet Union. • April 1941, two days after the treaty, U.S., G.B., and the Netherlerlands freeze Japans assets, which would limit Japan’s ability to purchase oil. • In October 1931, the Japanese military was asked to devise a war plan. They proposed to sweep into Burma, Malaya, the East Indies, and the Philippines, in addition to establishing a defensive perimeter in the central and southwest Pacific. • Japan expected the U.S. to declare war but not to be willing to fight long or hard enough to win. • Japan’s greatest concern was that the U.S. Pacific Fleet, based in Pearl Harbor could foil their plans. • December 7, 1941 as insurance, the Japanese navy undertook to cripple the Pacific Fleet by a surprise air attack.

15. World War II The War “A day which will live in infamy”

16. World War II The War “A Date that will live in Infamy” “Yesterday, December 7, 1941 -- a date which will live in infamy -- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that Nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American Island of Oahu, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. And while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack. It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time the Japanese Government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace…...”  ”...I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire.”

17. World War II The War TTYN During this exercise you assume the role as a member of Congress Background… For a long time, both the Senate and the House of Representatives were divided over the war issue. There was much resistance to involvement in Europe, because the destruction of World War I still lingered in your minds. Until now, the United States had only been helping Great Britain and France indirectly. After learning of the attack on Pearl Harbor, you are sitting in a special joint session of Congress listening to President Roosevelt. Later in the day, you will vote on a Declaration of War with Japan. Until now, you were against any involvement in war. You know that because of the Axis alliance, declaring war on Japan means war with Germany and Italy. Working with your neighbor, answer the following questions - 1. Does President Roosevelt's speech change your mind about involvement in the war? 2. What is your primary concern at this point? 3. You voted against the Japanese economic embargoes in the 1930s. Has your opinion of Japan changed? 4. As an isolationist before December 7, how has this event changed your world outlook? 5. How will your home district be affected by a declaration of war? 6. Will you take any measures to protect your constituents from discrimination? (Remember this is 1941.)

18. World War II The War

19. World War II The War U.S.S. Yorktown June 6, 1942

20. World War II The War

21. World War II The War • After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan achieved a long series of military successes in the Pacific. • Guam and Wake Island fell to the Japanese, as did the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore, and Burma. • The turning point in the Pacific War came with the American naval victory in the Battle of Midway in June 1942. “Battle of Midway” The four day battle in the Pacific (June 4-7, 1942), known as the Battle of Midway, changed the course of the war in the Pacific. The Japanese lost the four large carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor, while the Americans only lost one carrier. More importantly, the Japanese lost over one hundred trained pilots, who could not be replaced. The balance of sea power in the Pacific shifted from the Japan to an equity between America and Japan. Soon after the Battle of Midway the U.S. and their allies would take the offensive in the Pacific.

22. Do Now: TTYN What steps led to American intervention in WWII? World War II “In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world.” FDR’s State of the Union Speech, Jan., 1941

23. The War World War II • TTYN • Describe how previous conflicts such as the Mexican War and WWI had divided American society • In contrast, WWII came to be remembered as the Good War, a time of national unity in pursuit of indisputably noble goals. In time of war, mobilization of patriotic opinion is critical. The motto or catchphrase that the American society was sold freedom. • For FDR, the four freedoms expressed deeply help American values. • Freedom from fear meant not only a longing for peace but a more general desire fore security. • Freedom of speech and worship moved the First Amendment to the center of American’ definition of liberty • For many, freedom of want was associated with an economic goal, which protected the futture by guaranteeing the Depression would not resume after the war.

24. World War II The War The War In Europe The major involvement of American troops in Europe did not commence until June 6, 1944. Prior to that, American troops more American troops were deployed in the Pacific. After gaining the upper hand in Africa and the Atlantic, American troops shifted their attention towards the conflict in Europe, and they did it in a big way! “Operation Overlord” D-Day - June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 62-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which “we will accept nothing less than full victory.” More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day’s end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy. The D-Day cost was high -more than 9,000 Allied Soldiers were killed or wounded -- but more than 100,000 Soldiers began the march across Europe to Berlin. More than a million troops followed them ashore over the next few weeks.

25. World War II The War D-Day

26. World War II The War D-Day

27. World War II The War U. S. Military Cemetery at Omaha Beach

28. World War II The War The Home Front • WWII transformed the role of the national government. FDR created several federal agencies designed to aid the war effort. • The number of federal workers rose from 1M to 4M. • Unemployment dropped from 14% in 1940 to 2% in 1943 • The government built housing for war workers and forced civilian industries to retool for war production, For example, auto factories were now in the business of producing trucks, tanks, and jeeps for the army, • By 1944, American factories produced a ship every day and a plane every five minutes • The GNP rose from 91B to 214B • Government now withheld income taxes directly from paychecks. • Prior to the war, only the 4M wealthiest Americans paid income taxes; by 1945, over 40M paid taxes. In other words, America went from “class taxation” to “mass taxation.”

29. World War II

30. World War II The War The Home Front • During the war the nation engaged in an unprecedented mobilization of “womanpower” to fill industrial jobs vacated by men. • In a radical change from previous years, women were encouraged to go to work; to become independent women. • With 15M men in the armed forces, women in 1944 made up over one-third of the civilian labor force, and 35K served in auxiliary military units. • Women forced unions like the UAW to confront issues like equal pay for equal work. • Although many women saw the war as re-birth of women’s rights, many employers and unions viewed the women’s role as a temporary necessity, not an expansion of women’s freedom. • One union even declare, “There should be a law requiring the women who have taken over men’s job to be laid off after the war. In fact, after the war, many women, especially those in better paying jobs, did lose their jobs. • TTYN • Describe your impression of the “American way of life”

31. World War II The War Causes of World War 2

32. World War II The Color of War • The war had a far more ambiguous meaning for non-white groups than for whites. Racial barriers remained deeply entrenched in American life. • Southern blacks were still a product of a rigid system of segregation • Asians could not emigrate to the U.S. or become naturalized citizens. • Mexicans had been voluntarily repatriated within the Southwest during the depression • Native Americans still lived in poverty and on reservations. • The war set in motion changes that would reverberate in the postwar years. How things changed…. • The Bracero program was an agreement between the U.S. and Mexican governments that permitted Mexican citizens to take temporary agricultural work in the United States. • Under the agreement, Mexicans (Braceros) were suppose to receive: • Receive decent housing and wages • However, because Braceros could not become citizens and could be deported at any time, they found it impossible to form unions or secure better working conditions.

33. World War II The Color of War • Essential Question: • The war resulted in a need of additional labor. In complete sentences, please describe why a nation still suffering the effects of an economic crisis now has a need for additional labor. • Asian-Americans’ war experience was paradoxical. • More than 50K children of immigrants from China, Korea, and the Philippines fought in the war. • The Japanese-American experience was much different • Essential Question: • Please explain why many Americans viewed the war against Germany differently than they viewed the war against Japan. • For many Americans, the war against Germany was an ideological struggle; however, both sides (Japan and the U.S.) viewed the Pacific war as a race war. Further, Japanese propaganda depicted Americans as self-indulgent people contaminated by ethnic and racial diversity opposed to the “pure” Japanese. In the U.S., long-standing prejudices and the shock of Pearl Harbor produced unprecedented hatred of Japan.

34. World War II The Color of War DBQ Time In complete sentence, please describe the following primary source…

35. The Color of War World War II • The military persuaded FDR to issue Executive Order 9066. which ordered the expulsion of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast. Consequently, over 110K men, women, and children were moved to internment camps. • Essential Question: • Describe what internments camps reveal about basic freedoms • Internment camps reveal how easily war could undermine basic freedoms. There were no court hearings, no due process, and no writs of habeas corpus. Further, even the courts refused to intervene. In 1944, in Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court denied appeal of Fred Korematsu. The court ruled that applying an order to persons of Japanese descent was not based on race. The court has never ruled against Korematsu. After a long campaign for acknowledgment of the injustice done to Japanese-Americans, in 1988, Congress apologized and provided $20K to each surviving victim. Fred Korematsu and President Clinton Medal of Freedom Ceremony

36. World War II The Color of War

37. The Color of War World War II “There never has been, there isn’t now, and there will never be, any race of people on the earth fit to serve as masers over their fellow men” -FDR • The war and subsequent need for workers in the industrial heartland led to an exodus of African-Americans from the rural South. Unfortunately, the arrival of African-Americans in cities like Detroit was not always welcomed with open arms, rather, hostility grew and so did resulting riots. • When the war began, the air force and marines had no African-Americans. • Restricted the number of enlistees. • Navy only accepted African-Americans as waiters and cooks. • Served in segregated units. • The end result - the war years witnessed the birth of the modern civil rights movement. Further, FDR issued Executive Order 8802, which banned discrimination in defense jobs and established a Fair Employment Practices commission to monitor compliance. For many African-Americans, the move was hailed as a new Emancipation Proclamation.

38. The Color of War World War II Paved the Way: “American Heroes” Tuskegee Airmen Doris “Dorie” Miller

39. World War II The War The Manhattan Project: The Most Terrible Weapon • Having fled to the United States from Hitler’s Germany, Albert Einstein in 1939 warned FDR that Nazi scientists were attempting to develp an atomic weapon and urged the president to do likewise. In 1940, FDR authorized what came to be known as the Manhattan Project, a top-secret program, in which an atomic bomb would be developed during WWII. • Unfortunately, after winning his fourth term in 1944, FDR succumbed to a stroke and the most important decision of the war fell on Harry S Truman. • As Secretary of War Stimson pointed out to Truman, who had no knowledge that the weapon existed, we have “the most terrible weapon ever known in human history.” • August 6, 1945 – The United States dropped an atomic bomb over Hiroshima, Japan • August 9, 1945 – The United States detonated a second bomb over Nagasaki, Japan • August 9, 1945 – The Soviet Union declares war on Japan, invades Manchuria; within a week, Japan surrendered.

40. World War II The War

41. World War II The War Hitler’s V1 and V2 Rockets

42. World War II The War Hiroshima • Population: 280,000 • Approx. 70,000 dies instantly • By the end of the year, the death toll reached 140,000

43. World War II The War Nagasaki

44. World War II The War Facts of The War • The crucial fighting in Europe took place on the eastern front • Over 3 million German soldiers took part in the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 • The Battle of Stalingrad proved to be a catastrophic mistake by the Germans – bolstered by an influx of military supplies from the U.S., the Russians surrounded the German troops and forced them to surrender. During this battle, some 800K Germans and 1.2M Russians died. • The battle marked the turning point of the war in Europe. • Of the 13.6M German casualties in WWII, 10M came on the Russian front. • 20M Russians perished • By 1945, 6M Jews dies in Nazi death camps • 50-60M perished during the war • 400,000 US Soldiers perished during the war

45. World War II Memorable Events From The War “The Bataan Death March” • On April 9, 1942, American and Filipino troops on the Bataan Peninsula on West Luzon Island in the Philippines decided that they would not survive much longer in their fight against the Japanese. They were low on food, ammunition, and morale, and men were dying from lack of nourishment more than enemy fire. In the afternoon of the 9th, they turned themselves over to the Japanese by raising white flags, T-shirts, and whatever other white articles they had to let them know they were finished with fighting • For six days and sixty miles, 78,000 prisoners (12,000 U.S. and 66,000 Filipino) began marching up the east coast of Bataan as POW’s • The men, already desperately weakened by hunger and disease, suffered unspeakably during the March. Regardless of their condition, POWs who could not continue or keep up with the pace were summarily executed. Even stopping to relieve oneself could bring death, so many chose to continue walking while relieving themselves. 

46. World War II Memorable Events From The War What the Allies found in the 3rd Reich

47. World War II Memorable Events From The War “V-E Day” May 8, 1945

48. World War II Memorable Events From The War “V-J Day” Aug. 15, 1945

49. World War II Memorable Events From The War “Yalta Conference”

50. World War II Memorable Events From The War “Yalta Conference” Feb. 1945 TTYN – Describe in complete sentences the essence of the conference “The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States of America have consulted with each other in the common interests of the people of their countries and those of liberated Europe. They jointly declare their mutual agreement to concert during the temporary period of instability in liberated Europe the policies of their three Governments in assisting the peoples liberated from the domination of Nazi Germany and the peoples of the former Axis satellite states of Europe to solve by democratic means their pressing political and economic problems.” • Confident the war was nearing a victorious conclusion, the “Big Three” agreed to meet in Yalta and map-out Europe’s future. • Neither Britain nor the U.S. trusted Stalin • Soviets angered over the delay in the Allied invasion of France until 1944 thus leaving the Soviets to do the bulk of the fighting. • Difficult to resist Stalin’s ideas of reshaping parts of Europe since they won the war on the eastern front • Stalin reneges on a promise of “open and free” elections in Poland • Stalin believed that “whoever occupies a territory also imposes his own social system.” • The creation of the United Nations • Soviets agree to declare war on Japan before the end of the year