MAQA Meat Animal Quality Assurance

1. WI MAQA - January 2009 1 MAQA(Meat Animal Quality Assurance) Animal Handling 2008-2009

2. WI MAQA - January 2009 2 Quality Assurance Programming Year 1: Care and Management Animal ID, feed, water Year 2: Animal Health Products Reading Labels, Medications, Residues, Vet/Client Relationship Year 3: Animal Handling Handling, Biosecurity, Carcass, Flight Zones, Space, Animal Well Being This year we will discuss Year 3 Animal Handling with the following topics, handling, biosecurity, carcass, flight zones, space and animal well being. Next year the topics will start over with year 1: care and management.This year we will discuss Year 3 Animal Handling with the following topics, handling, biosecurity, carcass, flight zones, space and animal well being. Next year the topics will start over with year 1: care and management.

3. WI MAQA - January 2009 3 Quality Assurance Programming in Wisconsin Meat Animal Quality Assurance (MAQA) Meets the Youth Pork Quality Assurance (PQA Plus) Requirements In Wisconsin, quality assurance programs are taught through the Meat animal quality assurance program (MAQA) which meets the Youth PQA Plus requirement. Right now it is not required for beef and sheep exhibitors on a national level. However some buying stations and programs require BQA (Beef Quality Assurance) certification. BQA is offered in WI for beef producers. However your counties and others may require this program in order to sell in your meat animal sale. But mostly it is the right thing to do to ensure a quality, safe and wholesome product to the buyer�s of your animals.In Wisconsin, quality assurance programs are taught through the Meat animal quality assurance program (MAQA) which meets the Youth PQA Plus requirement. Right now it is not required for beef and sheep exhibitors on a national level. However some buying stations and programs require BQA (Beef Quality Assurance) certification. BQA is offered in WI for beef producers. However your counties and others may require this program in order to sell in your meat animal sale. But mostly it is the right thing to do to ensure a quality, safe and wholesome product to the buyer�s of your animals.

4. WI MAQA - January 2009 4 10 Good Production Practices Establish and implement an efficient and effective herd health management plan. Use a Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship as the basis for medication decision-making. Use Antibiotics responsibly. Identify and track all treated animals. Maintain medication and treatment records. Properly store, label and account for all drug products & medicated feeds. Educate all animal caretakers on proper administration techniques, needle-use procedures, observance of withdrawal times, and methods to avoid marketing adulterated products for human food. Follow appropriate on-farm feed processing and commercial feed processor procedures. Develop, implement, and document an animal caretaker training program. Provide proper animal care to improve animal well-being. We will learn more in depth about Good Production Practices 1, 9 and 10.We will learn more in depth about Good Production Practices 1, 9 and 10.

5. WI MAQA - January 2009 5 WHAT is Quality Assurance? Quality: Safe, healthy and good tasting products Assurance: A promise to consumers Quality can mean different things to different people. In regard to the livestock industry, quality might mean how an animal looks, its potential breeding value or how the meat looks and tastes. The Youth Quality Assurance program, Meat Animal Quality Assurance, will focus on one aspect of quality- that of the meat and food products that come from livestock. Some things to think about are whether the products that come from your animals are: Safe and healthy? Good tasting? Assurance means a pledge or a promise. So, what does quality assurance mean? Quality assurance for livestock producers means making a promise to consumers � all the people that eat the meat, milk and eggs that come from our livestock. Quality can mean different things to different people. In regard to the livestock industry, quality might mean how an animal looks, its potential breeding value or how the meat looks and tastes. The Youth Quality Assurance program, Meat Animal Quality Assurance, will focus on one aspect of quality- that of the meat and food products that come from livestock. Some things to think about are whether the products that come from your animals are: Safe and healthy? Good tasting? Assurance means a pledge or a promise. So, what does quality assurance mean? Quality assurance for livestock producers means making a promise to consumers � all the people that eat the meat, milk and eggs that come from our livestock.

6. WI MAQA - January 2009 6 What is Quality Assurance Based on HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points Programs: BQA, PQA, other quality programs On Farm and Processing Plants So quality assurance is a promise to consumers. How do we go about fulfilling that promise. All major national quality assurance programs, including BEEF Quality Assurance, PORK Quality Assurance, SHEEP Safety and Quality assurance are based on the concept of HACCP � Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points. HACCP plans are important to analyze both on the farm and at meat processing plants. So quality assurance is a promise to consumers. How do we go about fulfilling that promise. All major national quality assurance programs, including BEEF Quality Assurance, PORK Quality Assurance, SHEEP Safety and Quality assurance are based on the concept of HACCP � Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points. HACCP plans are important to analyze both on the farm and at meat processing plants.

7. WI MAQA - January 2009 7 HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) System that protects food system from major food safety hazards Is required in all food processing facilities that are federally inspected Some food animal operations adopting HACCP Identify hazards to food safety Ex. A needle was left in an animal. Identify critical points When you are giving a shot. Set limits and control points Use proper technique and animal restraint. Monitor To make sure things don�t go wrong Fix it if needed Try to retrieve the needle, call a vet. Keep records and verify it is working Document which animal has the needle & tell the processor. The HACCP program is a seven-step program. It is a checklist for the packing plants to follow to make sure they are doing everything they can to avoid food safety problems. The example shown is one that is on the farm. Meat processing plants have these HACCP plans in place as well. The steps of HACCP are: 1. Identify Hazards 2. Find critical points in the process 3. Establish critical limits for each critical control point 4. Monitor 5. Take corrective action if monitoring shows there are deviations outside the limits of the critical control point 6. Keep records on each critical control point 7. Verify that the HACCP plan is working correctly The HACCP program is a seven-step program. It is a checklist for the packing plants to follow to make sure they are doing everything they can to avoid food safety problems. The example shown is one that is on the farm. Meat processing plants have these HACCP plans in place as well. The steps of HACCP are: 1. Identify Hazards 2. Find critical points in the process 3. Establish critical limits for each critical control point 4. Monitor 5. Take corrective action if monitoring shows there are deviations outside the limits of the critical control point 6. Keep records on each critical control point 7. Verify that the HACCP plan is working correctly

8. WI MAQA - January 2009 8 How do I fit into HACCP? Adult and Youth Producers are treated the same. Supply consumers with a safe product The consequences of tampering with a food product is the same whether they are adult or youth producers. Depending on the infraction that is determined through testing by FSIS, a division of USDA, youth could be prosecuted, banned from exhibition, stripped of awards and prize money and or trophies/ribbons, and other infractions could occur. The consequences of tampering with a food product is the same whether they are adult or youth producers. Depending on the infraction that is determined through testing by FSIS, a division of USDA, youth could be prosecuted, banned from exhibition, stripped of awards and prize money and or trophies/ribbons, and other infractions could occur.

9. WI MAQA - January 2009 9 Food Safety Regulatory Agencies United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) These agencies monitor food production from Farm to Rail. They govern food safety and guarantee consumer confidence are federally based and include the following agencies. USDA, FDA, EPA and FSIS.These agencies monitor food production from Farm to Rail. They govern food safety and guarantee consumer confidence are federally based and include the following agencies. USDA, FDA, EPA and FSIS.

10. WI MAQA - January 2009 10 United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agency of federal government that enforces regulations related to agriculture Food products and safety Delivery of products to consumer

11. WI MAQA - January 2009 11 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Responsible for regulating medicated animal feed and most animal health products Approves health products Sets tolerance levels of medications Approves route of administration of product

12. WI MAQA - January 2009 12 Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) Division of USDA Inspects all food products from animals in federally inspected packing plants and food processing facilities Examines food processing facility sanitation (HACCP)

13. WI MAQA - January 2009 13 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Responsible for the approval and regulation of pesticides Determines withdrawal time of pesticides for food animals Regulations of physical and chemical impact of food animal production on the environment

14. WI MAQA - January 2009 14 Improvements � Injection site lesions -- Beef 1990: 20% of top sirloin butts 2000: Less than 3% Drug residues -- Pork 1987: 7% incidence rate 2000: < .3% And just to emphasize that a little more � here are a couple examples of how Quality Assurance programs have made a difference. When both the Beef and Pork Quality Assurance programs were started in the late 1980�s, there were some significant problems with carcass quality. In beef, over 20% of top sirloin butts � the area of the carcass that we get sirloin steaks from � had injection site lesions. Two years ago, it was down to less than 3%. In pork, over 7% of carcasses had drug residue violations. Now that is down to less than half a percent. So, we have made great progress, and consumer confidence has improved because of programs like these. But --- we can�t quit now. We must continue to try to improve, because food safety is always going to be extremely important to consumers! Even though we�ve reduced some problems, what we need to be striving for is to have NONE of these problems with injection site lesions, drug residues and other problems such as bruises. Another factor that is becoming more and more important to consumers is to know exactly WHERE their food came from � who was the person that produced it. So traceability, the ability to trace back a meat, milk or poultry product back to the farm where it came from is becoming more important. The identification and records that are part of quality assurance can also help in this process. Perception is such a strong and convincing source of information for many consumers, and what most see visually is perceived of animals for exhibitions will never be comparable to the commercial industry. This may be the case with the type of food animals that are produced for exhibition, however, there is no room for deviation with regard to ethics and commitment to food safety and positive consumer perception. When you sign up for the beef project, for example, what you do can reflect positively or poorly on the beef industry as a whole!! And just to emphasize that a little more � here are a couple examples of how Quality Assurance programs have made a difference. When both the Beef and Pork Quality Assurance programs were started in the late 1980�s, there were some significant problems with carcass quality. In beef, over 20% of top sirloin butts � the area of the carcass that we get sirloin steaks from � had injection site lesions. Two years ago, it was down to less than 3%. In pork, over 7% of carcasses had drug residue violations. Now that is down to less than half a percent. So, we have made great progress, and consumer confidence has improved because of programs like these. But --- we can�t quit now. We must continue to try to improve, because food safety is always going to be extremely important to consumers! Even though we�ve reduced some problems, what we need to be striving for is to have NONE of these problems with injection site lesions, drug residues and other problems such as bruises. Another factor that is becoming more and more important to consumers is to know exactly WHERE their food came from � who was the person that produced it. So traceability, the ability to trace back a meat, milk or poultry product back to the farm where it came from is becoming more important. The identification and records that are part of quality assurance can also help in this process. Perception is such a strong and convincing source of information for many consumers, and what most see visually is perceived of animals for exhibitions will never be comparable to the commercial industry. This may be the case with the type of food animals that are produced for exhibition, however, there is no room for deviation with regard to ethics and commitment to food safety and positive consumer perception. When you sign up for the beef project, for example, what you do can reflect positively or poorly on the beef industry as a whole!!

15. WI MAQA - January 2009 15 �Understanding the behavior of animals helps prevent injuries to both people and animals.� � Dr. Temple Grandin The fore leader in animal handling, Dr. Temple Grandin of Colorado State University states the basic factor of animal movement. Understanding the behaviors of animals will prevent injuries of both people and animals.The fore leader in animal handling, Dr. Temple Grandin of Colorado State University states the basic factor of animal movement. Understanding the behaviors of animals will prevent injuries of both people and animals.

16. WI MAQA - January 2009 16 Animal Handling Understanding & respectful of an animal�s: Comfort or flight zone Blind spot Point of balance Main instincts are fight or flight! Proper handling provides a safe environment for animals AND people. Positive human contact Animal handling is an important part of quality assurance. Proper animal handling can help prevent stress and reduce injuries to both the animals and the people involved. Thus, a higher quality product is produced for the consumer. Whether you are working with your animals you plan to exhibit or animals that will never be exhibited, there are some basic instincts and habits that all animals have. Knowing and understanding these instincts will make working with livestock easier and less stressful. It can help prevent injury and reduce stress for both you and your animals. Animals that have a negative experience or abuse from humans will move away or be scared of humans. Therefore positive human contact is crucial. When a person enters an animal�s flight zone they become tense or scared. Their basic instinct is fight or flight which can create an unsafe environment. Proper training for show animals so they are prepared for the fair. Animals that have been worked with end up having a smaller or no flight zone � used to people. Animal handling is an important part of quality assurance. Proper animal handling can help prevent stress and reduce injuries to both the animals and the people involved. Thus, a higher quality product is produced for the consumer. Whether you are working with your animals you plan to exhibit or animals that will never be exhibited, there are some basic instincts and habits that all animals have. Knowing and understanding these instincts will make working with livestock easier and less stressful. It can help prevent injury and reduce stress for both you and your animals. Animals that have a negative experience or abuse from humans will move away or be scared of humans. Therefore positive human contact is crucial. When a person enters an animal�s flight zone they become tense or scared. Their basic instinct is fight or flight which can create an unsafe environment. Proper training for show animals so they are prepared for the fair. Animals that have been worked with end up having a smaller or no flight zone � used to people.

17. WI MAQA - January 2009 17 Flight Zones Animals have a �comfort zone� A person moving into the comfort zone makes the animal: (Fight or Flight) 1. Tense Move away Next we�ll talk briefly about the flight zone, and then try to tie these things all together. The flight zone is also sometimes called the �comfort zone�. Although these two terms may seem to be opposites, it really does make sense. Animals have a space around them that they like to be free of unknown objects or people. We all have comfort zones also. Think about how you feel is someone is only a couple inches away from your face when talking to you, as compared to being a couple feet away. Most of us are not comfortable with someone that close, because the other person has entered our �comfort zone�. Just as you would become uncomfortable, and may be likely to move away, so do animals. That is where the other term, �flight zone� comes from. When a person enters the animal�s comfort zone, the animal is no longer comfortable and �takes flight� or moves away. The size of this comfort zone is different for different animals, but all animals have one. Your show animals usually have a much smaller comfort zone than animals that have not been shown. This is because they have been worked with and come to trust you and other people and so no longer fear people as an unknown. Now let�s see how this all fits together. The flight zone or comfort zone is the large circle around the animal. If a person enters the comfort zone, the animal is likely to move away. How the person enters the comfort zone may also affect how the animal moves away. Entering the comfort zone slowly, with smooth movements may result in the animal simply walking away. But what happens if you run into the comfort zone yelling? --- Most often the animal will run. The blind spot is located directly behind the animal, and so the range of vision is everywhere except the blind spot. Pressure to move, created by the person moving toward the animal, should only be applied within the range of vision, and never from the blind spot. Next we�ll talk briefly about the flight zone, and then try to tie these things all together. The flight zone is also sometimes called the �comfort zone�. Although these two terms may seem to be opposites, it really does make sense. Animals have a space around them that they like to be free of unknown objects or people. We all have comfort zones also. Think about how you feel is someone is only a couple inches away from your face when talking to you, as compared to being a couple feet away. Most of us are not comfortable with someone that close, because the other person has entered our �comfort zone�. Just as you would become uncomfortable, and may be likely to move away, so do animals. That is where the other term, �flight zone� comes from. When a person enters the animal�s comfort zone, the animal is no longer comfortable and �takes flight� or moves away. The size of this comfort zone is different for different animals, but all animals have one. Your show animals usually have a much smaller comfort zone than animals that have not been shown. This is because they have been worked with and come to trust you and other people and so no longer fear people as an unknown. Now let�s see how this all fits together. The flight zone or comfort zone is the large circle around the animal. If a person enters the comfort zone, the animal is likely to move away. How the person enters the comfort zone may also affect how the animal moves away. Entering the comfort zone slowly, with smooth movements may result in the animal simply walking away. But what happens if you run into the comfort zone yelling? --- Most often the animal will run. The blind spot is located directly behind the animal, and so the range of vision is everywhere except the blind spot. Pressure to move, created by the person moving toward the animal, should only be applied within the range of vision, and never from the blind spot.

18. WI MAQA - January 2009 18 Moving Animals Move animals where they can see Make pathways clear of obstructions and sharp objects Don�t stand in front of where animals are going Use the follow the leader tendency. Provide a quiet, calm environment No yelling, hitting, etc. No use of electric prods!! Provide proper handling and movement of animals is proper animal care. Moving animals is a stressful experience, so you should handle animals with the least amount of stress. Be calm and quite and providing as much human contact each day allows for easier moving of animals. Move animals where they can see or they will not go. Clear away obstructions that will prevent movement � paper, ball, empty feed bags, nails, sharp end of feeders. Don�t stand in front of where animals go, they will turn back. Use the follow the leader approach by using those that lead, work the other animals in that direction. Provide proper handling and movement of animals is proper animal care. Moving animals is a stressful experience, so you should handle animals with the least amount of stress. Be calm and quite and providing as much human contact each day allows for easier moving of animals. Move animals where they can see or they will not go. Clear away obstructions that will prevent movement � paper, ball, empty feed bags, nails, sharp end of feeders. Don�t stand in front of where animals go, they will turn back. Use the follow the leader approach by using those that lead, work the other animals in that direction.

19. WI MAQA - January 2009 19 Moving Animals Change in flooring can cause animals to stop Walkways for one animal at a time, funnel down Make gradual turns, no corners Lighting Block distractions, moving by other animals and stopping. Use the correct equipment Move animals in small groups Animal Instinct is to want to be with other animals. Apply pressure when animals have a place to go. Pressure from side, not from back if possible. Depending on animal size you should move a few at a time. Certainly less than 10 animals. This will allow more control and more room to move. Use the most effective tools for that particular species of animals. Swine � sorting board is the most effective tool, PVC pipe, cane. Sheep � shepherds crook. Beef � sorting stick, sorting board. Animals should never be prodded in sensitive areas such as eyes, nose, anus and testicles, etc.. Change in flooring ie. Cement to slotted flooring can cause animals to stop or balk. Have walkways allow for only one animal to enter at one time. Funnel down to where only 1 animal can go through. Don�t have any corners in your movement, have gradual turns with no corners. Lighting is also important animals need to see where they are going, but not too bright of light. Distractions can cause injury and balking. Animal�s instinct is to want to be with other animals so use that to your movement advantage. Apply pressure for the side not the back. If animals are pressured from the back and the animals have no where to go, they will not move, they will balk and increased stress will occur.Depending on animal size you should move a few at a time. Certainly less than 10 animals. This will allow more control and more room to move. Use the most effective tools for that particular species of animals. Swine � sorting board is the most effective tool, PVC pipe, cane. Sheep � shepherds crook. Beef � sorting stick, sorting board. Animals should never be prodded in sensitive areas such as eyes, nose, anus and testicles, etc.. Change in flooring ie. Cement to slotted flooring can cause animals to stop or balk. Have walkways allow for only one animal to enter at one time. Funnel down to where only 1 animal can go through. Don�t have any corners in your movement, have gradual turns with no corners. Lighting is also important animals need to see where they are going, but not too bright of light. Distractions can cause injury and balking. Animal�s instinct is to want to be with other animals so use that to your movement advantage. Apply pressure for the side not the back. If animals are pressured from the back and the animals have no where to go, they will not move, they will balk and increased stress will occur.

20. WI MAQA - January 2009 20 Moving Equipment Examples of tools/moving equipment.Examples of tools/moving equipment.

21. WI MAQA - January 2009 21 Electric prods � should not be used Equipment Electric prods should NEVER be used. Increases stress on animals and makes them more agitated. Electric prods should NEVER be used. Increases stress on animals and makes them more agitated.

22. WI MAQA - January 2009 22 Stress Movement of animals is very stressful. Especially in areas they are not familiar with and environments (hot, humid) they aren�t used to. Indicators of stress are: Rapid breathing Fighting with other animals Lameness Restlessness Self isolation from other animals Lack of appetite Show Animal Stress Movement of animals is very stressful especially areas that they are not familiar with. Important to know �normal� behavior of your animals, usually day to day behavior. Stress animals are more susceptible to disease and higher rate of death. Who to reduce stress in show animals: reduce excitement by handling and training them during the year (don�t wait till the end). Keep animals on a regular feeding and exercise program, holding and pushing the nutrition of animals is stressful on them. Get them accustomed to different water, people, and noises (put a radio in the barn). Try not to mix animals at the fair and avoid changing feed at the show.Movement of animals is very stressful especially areas that they are not familiar with. Important to know �normal� behavior of your animals, usually day to day behavior. Stress animals are more susceptible to disease and higher rate of death. Who to reduce stress in show animals: reduce excitement by handling and training them during the year (don�t wait till the end). Keep animals on a regular feeding and exercise program, holding and pushing the nutrition of animals is stressful on them. Get them accustomed to different water, people, and noises (put a radio in the barn). Try not to mix animals at the fair and avoid changing feed at the show.

23. WI MAQA - January 2009 23 Blind Spot and Flight Zone Activity

24. WI MAQA - January 2009 24 Differences in Sight Depth Perception Animals do not have very good depth perception They can�t tell how far away something is Shadows, dark spots, light reflection, changing surfaces and unfamiliar places may frighten them Now to follow up with what we learned in the activity, we�ll talk more about animals� sight. Animals do not have very good depth perception. This means that they have a difficult time telling how far away something is. Whereas you or I can walk up stairs without much problem, because we know just how far away our foot is from the next stair; that is not true for animals. Items such as loading chutes often scare animals because they simply are not sure where to place their feet. To make handling your animals safer and easier for both you and the animals, be sure to give them plenty of time to adapt to new environments. Since they don�t have good depth perception, they need more time to decide if it safe to walk into a new area. One of the things that animals do to help them decide this is to raise and lower their heads to focus on objects. Giving your animal enough freedom to move its head up and down and proceeding slowly with all your movements, will help you get your animals where you want them to be. The same idea applies to shadows, dark spots and unfamiliar places in working facilities. Giving your animals time to adapt and moving slowly can makes things a lot less stressful for both you and your animals. These points are important for both show livestock and non-show livestock. Remember that the County fair, the State Fair and other shows that you may take your animals to will all be completely new places for them.Now to follow up with what we learned in the activity, we�ll talk more about animals� sight. Animals do not have very good depth perception. This means that they have a difficult time telling how far away something is. Whereas you or I can walk up stairs without much problem, because we know just how far away our foot is from the next stair; that is not true for animals. Items such as loading chutes often scare animals because they simply are not sure where to place their feet. To make handling your animals safer and easier for both you and the animals, be sure to give them plenty of time to adapt to new environments. Since they don�t have good depth perception, they need more time to decide if it safe to walk into a new area. One of the things that animals do to help them decide this is to raise and lower their heads to focus on objects. Giving your animal enough freedom to move its head up and down and proceeding slowly with all your movements, will help you get your animals where you want them to be. The same idea applies to shadows, dark spots and unfamiliar places in working facilities. Giving your animals time to adapt and moving slowly can makes things a lot less stressful for both you and your animals. These points are important for both show livestock and non-show livestock. Remember that the County fair, the State Fair and other shows that you may take your animals to will all be completely new places for them.

25. WI MAQA - January 2009 25 Differences in Sight �Wide angle� vision Animals can see everything except what is directly behind them The area where they can�t see is the �blind spot� A second difference in the way animals see, as compared to humans, is that livestock have what we term �wide angle� vision. This means that they can see everything except what is directly behind them. Typically, their range of vision is about 300 degrees. (A full circle is 360 degrees). The area that they can�t see is called their �blind spot�. It is important to know where the blind spot is, because when someone enters this blind spot, and then moves out of the blind spot, the animal may be startled. If startled, it may react by kicking or running. To keep from startling an animal, it is best to approach it from the side or the front.A second difference in the way animals see, as compared to humans, is that livestock have what we term �wide angle� vision. This means that they can see everything except what is directly behind them. Typically, their range of vision is about 300 degrees. (A full circle is 360 degrees). The area that they can�t see is called their �blind spot�. It is important to know where the blind spot is, because when someone enters this blind spot, and then moves out of the blind spot, the animal may be startled. If startled, it may react by kicking or running. To keep from startling an animal, it is best to approach it from the side or the front.

26. WI MAQA - January 2009 26 Cattle Behavior Higher center of balance Flighty � beef vs. dairy Tend to kick Cautious Not all act the same way. Another thing to be aware of when working with livestock is that they are herd animals. Cattle, swine, sheep and goats are all herd animals. This means they generally prefer to live in a group and they do not like to be alone. When they are separated from other animals, they can easily become scared. Remembering that animals are herd animals can help you in moving animals, because if you leave two or more animals together, they will be less stressed and agitated, and easier to work with. This will also help produce higher quality carcasses, as stressed animals sometimes produce carcasses with less than ideal meat quality. Another thing to be aware of when working with livestock is that they are herd animals. Cattle, swine, sheep and goats are all herd animals. This means they generally prefer to live in a group and they do not like to be alone. When they are separated from other animals, they can easily become scared. Remembering that animals are herd animals can help you in moving animals, because if you leave two or more animals together, they will be less stressed and agitated, and easier to work with. This will also help produce higher quality carcasses, as stressed animals sometimes produce carcasses with less than ideal meat quality.

27. WI MAQA - January 2009 27 Pig Behavior Low center of balance Eyesight might not be great See movement Curious Social Cautious Smart Long Memories Not all animals act the same.

28. WI MAQA - January 2009 28 Sheep Behavior Medium center of balance Flocking instinct � �follow the leader� Not all animals act the same.

29. WI MAQA - January 2009 29 Transportation VERY STRESSFUL TIME!! Transport animals during early morning and evening during hot weather DO NOT transport during extreme cold or heat Avoid long transport times, & traffic times Do NOT overcrowd Provide proper ventilation Provide proper bedding (sawdust/shavings in the summer, straw in the winter) Proper animal handling is also important during transportation. Transportation is VERY stressful!!! Do not transport animals in extreme conditions and move animals in the early morning or late evening when weather is more ideal. Ventilation is important, make sure that there is enough air movement through the trailer and that the truck keeps moving to keep the air flow going. Do not transport animals in extreme conditions, avoid long transportation time and traffic times. Do not overcrowd when moving animals and provide them with adequate ventilation. Provide proper bedding.Proper animal handling is also important during transportation. Transportation is VERY stressful!!! Do not transport animals in extreme conditions and move animals in the early morning or late evening when weather is more ideal. Ventilation is important, make sure that there is enough air movement through the trailer and that the truck keeps moving to keep the air flow going. Do not transport animals in extreme conditions, avoid long transportation time and traffic times. Do not overcrowd when moving animals and provide them with adequate ventilation. Provide proper bedding.

30. WI MAQA - January 2009 30 Transportation Allow for rest and rehydration before & after loading Load straight into the truck Leave hurt or slower animals in the back or in a smaller pen with other slow animals Other animals leave them alone Be calm, avoid using electric prods, etc.. Swine are more susceptible to transportation issues. It is important to give water and rest before and after loading, especially with fair animals. Load straight into the truck so animals are seeing where they are going. Keep hurt or slower animals back to put into a smaller pen or area with other slow animals so other animals will leave them alone. Less stress for those animals. Again no electric prods, buzzers and slappers should be avoided. Treat animals humanely at all times and load in a calm and careful manner to avoid stress to animals. Swine are more susceptible to transportation problems due to genetic make up of some of these animals. In addition swine fed Paylean my have additional problems in transportation and movement. Take time and move animals slowly and quietly. Research indicates that Paylean fed animals depending on the level fed are more excitable and thus accrue more stress during movement times. It is important to give water and rest before and after loading, especially with fair animals. Load straight into the truck so animals are seeing where they are going. Keep hurt or slower animals back to put into a smaller pen or area with other slow animals so other animals will leave them alone. Less stress for those animals. Again no electric prods, buzzers and slappers should be avoided. Treat animals humanely at all times and load in a calm and careful manner to avoid stress to animals. Swine are more susceptible to transportation problems due to genetic make up of some of these animals. In addition swine fed Paylean my have additional problems in transportation and movement. Take time and move animals slowly and quietly. Research indicates that Paylean fed animals depending on the level fed are more excitable and thus accrue more stress during movement times.

31. WI MAQA - January 2009 31 This is a slide to illustrate how temperature and humidity play a role together with livestock safety. As you can see as the temperature and humidity increase so does the heat stress in animals. That is why it is SO important to make sure you animals have plenty of water at the fair, especially on hot days and don�t move animals in extreme heat!!!This is a slide to illustrate how temperature and humidity play a role together with livestock safety. As you can see as the temperature and humidity increase so does the heat stress in animals. That is why it is SO important to make sure you animals have plenty of water at the fair, especially on hot days and don�t move animals in extreme heat!!!

32. WI MAQA - January 2009 32 Handling Activity

33. WI MAQA - January 2009 33 Bruising Can affect � Quality and value of the carcass Bruises must be cut away and discarded Animals� performance 60-90 days tissue to heal Still major problem, National Beef Quality Audit 47% of beef carcasses have bruises Proper Handling is very important as we have discussed earlier because we want the product that is produced to of high value. When we handle our animals poorly bruises may occur as shown in the picture of a pork ham. The piece out in front of the ham is waste due to a bruise on the ham. This waste looses money for the producer and the packer.Proper Handling is very important as we have discussed earlier because we want the product that is produced to of high value. When we handle our animals poorly bruises may occur as shown in the picture of a pork ham. The piece out in front of the ham is waste due to a bruise on the ham. This waste looses money for the producer and the packer.

34. WI MAQA - January 2009 34 To avoid bruising � Handle animals gently and calmly Avoid hitting an animal Avoid Yelling Don�t use electric prods Tap animals with paddles on lower valued cuts This is especially important when in the show ring and working with your animals at home. Never tap your animals in the high valued cuts of the carcass such as the loin, rib and leg, round or ham. Always tap your animals in the front shoulder or right by the jowl area.This is especially important when in the show ring and working with your animals at home. Never tap your animals in the high valued cuts of the carcass such as the loin, rib and leg, round or ham. Always tap your animals in the front shoulder or right by the jowl area.

35. WI MAQA - January 2009 35 Carcass Quality Poor meat quality related to stressed animals due to handling Sometimes genetically more susceptible. Poor handling by just increasing the amount of stress an animal has can create carcass quality issues. Poor handling by just increasing the amount of stress an animal has can create carcass quality issues.

36. WI MAQA - January 2009 36 Meat Quality Problems Dark Cutters Meat is dark red, almost black. It is acceptable to eat, but most consumers do not like the appearance. One the possible effects of stress on carcass quality is that the carcass may be a �dark cutter�. This is a carcass in which the meat is not a bright cherry-red color, but instead is a dark red, sometimes brownish or almost black color. While the meat can still be eaten, it is not very well accepted by consumers because of the color. Many consumers will associate the dark color with old, or spoiled meat. Thus, dark cutters usually receive a much lower price, if the animals have been sold on a carcass price basis. One the possible effects of stress on carcass quality is that the carcass may be a �dark cutter�. This is a carcass in which the meat is not a bright cherry-red color, but instead is a dark red, sometimes brownish or almost black color. While the meat can still be eaten, it is not very well accepted by consumers because of the color. Many consumers will associate the dark color with old, or spoiled meat. Thus, dark cutters usually receive a much lower price, if the animals have been sold on a carcass price basis.

37. WI MAQA - January 2009 37 Meat Quality Problems DFD (Dark, Firm and Dry) PSE (Pale, Soft, and Exudative) A similar problem can occur in pork, and is called DFD or dark, firm and dry pork. However, there are usually not any price discounts for this in the pork industry. A very different problem with pork meat is PSE, or pale, soft and exudative meat. The occurrence of this problem is also related to stress and has also been shown to be related to the use of electric prods. As you can see in the picture, PSE meat has a much paler color, and the meat tends to �fall apart� between muscles and also loses much of its juice prior to cooking. This results in meat that is often dryer and tougher when cooked. So, using proper animal handling techniques is closely related to producing high quality meat products, and vice versa � using inappropriate handling techniques can be associated with meat quality problems. Inappropriate handling can result in bruises, dark cutters, and/or PSE meat � all of which lower carcass value. Now we�ll move on to some of the carcass and product quality problems that are not directly related to animal handling. A similar problem can occur in pork, and is called DFD or dark, firm and dry pork. However, there are usually not any price discounts for this in the pork industry. A very different problem with pork meat is PSE, or pale, soft and exudative meat. The occurrence of this problem is also related to stress and has also been shown to be related to the use of electric prods. As you can see in the picture, PSE meat has a much paler color, and the meat tends to �fall apart� between muscles and also loses much of its juice prior to cooking. This results in meat that is often dryer and tougher when cooked. So, using proper animal handling techniques is closely related to producing high quality meat products, and vice versa � using inappropriate handling techniques can be associated with meat quality problems. Inappropriate handling can result in bruises, dark cutters, and/or PSE meat � all of which lower carcass value. Now we�ll move on to some of the carcass and product quality problems that are not directly related to animal handling.

38. WI MAQA - January 2009 38 Comfort Zones Space Need adequate amount of space to eat, sleep and exercise. Temperature Too hot or too cold Adding bedding or providing shade. Air Movement Proper Ventilation When we are uncomfortable we generally can find ways to make ourselves more comfortable. We can go to a bigger room, turn on the air conditioning and turn on a fan. Animals don�t have that luxury. They depend totally on us to keep them comfortable. Different animals prefer different types of situations. We can increase temperature by adding more bedding or heaters, putting more animals to increase body heat exchange, preventing drafts. To cool the animal provide shade, increase air movement with fans, sprinkling water.When we are uncomfortable we generally can find ways to make ourselves more comfortable. We can go to a bigger room, turn on the air conditioning and turn on a fan. Animals don�t have that luxury. They depend totally on us to keep them comfortable. Different animals prefer different types of situations. We can increase temperature by adding more bedding or heaters, putting more animals to increase body heat exchange, preventing drafts. To cool the animal provide shade, increase air movement with fans, sprinkling water.

39. WI MAQA - January 2009 39 Pens Don�t overcrowd Clean, dry bedding No nails or sharp objects sticking out Clean feed bunks and water The last part of �management� that we are going to talk about is housing. It is something we often take for granted and don�t really give much thought to, but it is an important part of caring for your animals. Just like with feeds, the pens and shelter you provide for your animals don�t have to be fancy or expensive, but there are a few basic things you have to consider. Before you get your animals, make sure you have adequate pens that are clean, comfortable and safe. Pens should be large enough so animals don�t feel crowded, but small enough that you can keep an eye on them. They perform better when they have enough space. What other things are important about pens and where you keep your animals? 1. Use clean, dry bedding and dispose of manure. 2. Make sure there are no nails or sharp objects sticking out - Why? These can cut or bruise animals. 3. Keep feed bunks and water clean - you probably don�t like to eat off dirty plates or drink out of glasses with yesterday�s milk stuck in the bottom! Your animals also need to have their feed and water kept clean! The last part of �management� that we are going to talk about is housing. It is something we often take for granted and don�t really give much thought to, but it is an important part of caring for your animals. Just like with feeds, the pens and shelter you provide for your animals don�t have to be fancy or expensive, but there are a few basic things you have to consider. Before you get your animals, make sure you have adequate pens that are clean, comfortable and safe. Pens should be large enough so animals don�t feel crowded, but small enough that you can keep an eye on them. They perform better when they have enough space. What other things are important about pens and where you keep your animals? 1. Use clean, dry bedding and dispose of manure. 2. Make sure there are no nails or sharp objects sticking out - Why? These can cut or bruise animals. 3. Keep feed bunks and water clean - you probably don�t like to eat off dirty plates or drink out of glasses with yesterday�s milk stuck in the bottom! Your animals also need to have their feed and water kept clean!

40. WI MAQA - January 2009 40 Weather conditions�. Protect from extremes - Shade, fans, misters - Added shelter Even though livestock are adapted to survive in a wide range of weather conditions, you still need to watch out for weather extremes, and provide additional care for your animals during those extremes. This often becomes very obvious with show animals during fair season. In the summer, helping animals cope with hot, humid weather, may mean providing additional shade, fans or water misters, and NEVER restricting water. In the winter, you may need to provide some additional shelter during extremely cold or windy weather. Even though livestock are adapted to survive in a wide range of weather conditions, you still need to watch out for weather extremes, and provide additional care for your animals during those extremes. This often becomes very obvious with show animals during fair season. In the summer, helping animals cope with hot, humid weather, may mean providing additional shade, fans or water misters, and NEVER restricting water. In the winter, you may need to provide some additional shelter during extremely cold or windy weather.

41. WI MAQA - January 2009 41 Space & temperatures Breed Pregnancy stage Coat length Size of animal Number of times fed Feed quality Space and temperatures can depend on many things. Providing proper space decreases the incidence of disease, structural problems and less stress for you and the animals.Space and temperatures can depend on many things. Providing proper space decreases the incidence of disease, structural problems and less stress for you and the animals.

42. WI MAQA - January 2009 42 Ventilation Temperature Facility temperature should be appropriate for stage of production ie. Nursery pigs should be a in a warm environment Animal Behavior is a good indicator of thermal environment. Air Quality This can be controlled through ventilation You should be aware of your facilities and building factors when providing care for your animals. Animals will behave how their body feels. If they are cold they will huddle together or pile on one another to keep warm. If too hot they will avoid body contact and have increased breathing and respiration rates. Daily observation of your animals will assist you in monitoring the temperature and air quality of the facility. Poor air quality contains gases, dust and others that affect respiratory health of animals. Watery/mattery eyes, bloodshot eyes and difficult breathing are all indicators of poor quality air. Ammonia is a common air contaminant that can directly impact the well-being of animals. Manage manure in the barn by hauling out and cleaning pens frequently. Utilize tools that can help you measure this important factor. You should be aware of your facilities and building factors when providing care for your animals. Animals will behave how their body feels. If they are cold they will huddle together or pile on one another to keep warm. If too hot they will avoid body contact and have increased breathing and respiration rates. Daily observation of your animals will assist you in monitoring the temperature and air quality of the facility. Poor air quality contains gases, dust and others that affect respiratory health of animals. Watery/mattery eyes, bloodshot eyes and difficult breathing are all indicators of poor quality air. Ammonia is a common air contaminant that can directly impact the well-being of animals. Manage manure in the barn by hauling out and cleaning pens frequently. Utilize tools that can help you measure this important factor.

43. WI MAQA - January 2009 43 Space Activity

44. WI MAQA - January 2009 44 Establish a Herd Health Plan Develop a herd health plan with your veterinarian Regular animal evaluation/veterinarian visits Biosecurity Rodent/pest control Cleaning and disinfecting Establishing a herd health plan can be an in depth, detailed process or a relatively simple one. While developing your plan, consult your veterinarian regarding disease problems and take time to review your recordkeeping system. Developing an effective herd health management program helps you prevent or control any potential disease outbreaks and may also reduce the risk of residues and costs associated with treatment of sick animals. Things that you should incorporate in your herd health mangement plan include: Regularly scheduled herd checks by the veterinarian, Biosecurity, Rodent/pest control and cleaning and disinfecting procedures.Establishing a herd health plan can be an in depth, detailed process or a relatively simple one. While developing your plan, consult your veterinarian regarding disease problems and take time to review your recordkeeping system. Developing an effective herd health management program helps you prevent or control any potential disease outbreaks and may also reduce the risk of residues and costs associated with treatment of sick animals. Things that you should incorporate in your herd health mangement plan include: Regularly scheduled herd checks by the veterinarian, Biosecurity, Rodent/pest control and cleaning and disinfecting procedures.

45. WI MAQA - January 2009 45 Bio-security Plans Part of an effective health plan Uses management practices to reduce risk of infectious diseases Maximize animal health and performance Minimize foodborne contamination Management and sanitation practices that decrease the risk of introducing or spreading infectious diseases. Biosecurity should be addressed to maximize animal health and minimize food borne contamination.Management and sanitation practices that decrease the risk of introducing or spreading infectious diseases. Biosecurity should be addressed to maximize animal health and minimize food borne contamination.

46. WI MAQA - January 2009 46 Bio-Security Disease in livestock movement Between animals different species (market chicken to steer) same species Between farms Anything that moves and comes in contact with animals Disease Transmission occurs horizontal between animals from different farms or between animals of similar age or production status. Vertical disease transmission already occurring on a farm in older animals that possess a high level of immunity. Transmitted when young animals without immunity come in contact with older animals. Prevented by vaccination or isolation from older animals. Be aware of animal diseases that can be transmitted and ways to minimize exposure. An example is ringworm.Disease Transmission occurs horizontal between animals from different farms or between animals of similar age or production status. Vertical disease transmission already occurring on a farm in older animals that possess a high level of immunity. Transmitted when young animals without immunity come in contact with older animals. Prevented by vaccination or isolation from older animals. Be aware of animal diseases that can be transmitted and ways to minimize exposure. An example is ringworm.

47. WI MAQA - January 2009 47 How can a disease be transmitted from one farm to another? Rodents, wildlife, birds, pets Vehicles New animals Humans Clothes, shoes Air Concentration of animals can increase risk of disease spread. Diseases can be spread in the air and by other mechanical means. Rodent, wildlife and bird control can help prevent the spread of diseases. Vehicles transporting animals, feed or dead animals can be major biosecurity risks. Any vehicle used for transportation of live animals should be cleaned and sanitized before use. Delivery trucks and dead animal disposal service vehicles should have restricted access to animals and an entry road, and should be disinfected prior to entry if possible. Be sure to change boots and coveralls when delivering animals or when entering facilities from off-farm locations.Concentration of animals can increase risk of disease spread. Diseases can be spread in the air and by other mechanical means. Rodent, wildlife and bird control can help prevent the spread of diseases. Vehicles transporting animals, feed or dead animals can be major biosecurity risks. Any vehicle used for transportation of live animals should be cleaned and sanitized before use. Delivery trucks and dead animal disposal service vehicles should have restricted access to animals and an entry road, and should be disinfected prior to entry if possible. Be sure to change boots and coveralls when delivering animals or when entering facilities from off-farm locations.

48. WI MAQA - January 2009 48 New Animals Should be isolated for at least 30 days Consult veterinarian for each situation Isolate animal(s) after an exhibition Same health status as current animals Vaccination After bringing a new animal onto the farm, it should be isolated from the other animals for at least 10 days. Consult a veterinarian to determine isolation time for the situation. Consult a veterinarian to determine isolation time for the situation. Isolating animals after shows could also reduce the risk of disease spread. Make sure these animals are vaccinated before joining other animals.After bringing a new animal onto the farm, it should be isolated from the other animals for at least 10 days. Consult a veterinarian to determine isolation time for the situation. Consult a veterinarian to determine isolation time for the situation. Isolating animals after shows could also reduce the risk of disease spread. Make sure these animals are vaccinated before joining other animals.

49. WI MAQA - January 2009 49 Visitors Production areas � limited access Change clothes before entering Footbath, shower-in Should not have contact with other animals for 24 hours prior (especially for same species) Limit and strictly control access by visitors to production areas. Ask visitors to change clothes before entering the operation. Disinfect shoes/boots and/or provide plastic boots. Visitors should be away from the same species at least 24 hours.Limit and strictly control access by visitors to production areas. Ask visitors to change clothes before entering the operation. Disinfect shoes/boots and/or provide plastic boots. Visitors should be away from the same species at least 24 hours.

50. WI MAQA - January 2009 50 Emergency Plans Written emergency action plan Covers various emergencies � fire, weather, power outage, etc. Telephone numbers for owner, veterinarian, fire and police Emergency detection system Used on many commercial operations Alarms for power failure, drastic temperature changes Facility location may allow for visualdetection Emergency backup system Manual or automatic interventions in theevent of a mechanical ventilation failure In case of an emergency, quick communication is important. A written action plan can provide direction in case of an emergency. The plan may be a list of phone numbers of people to contact. Such as fire department, veterinarian, facility owner and/or producer and equipment suppliers. Emergency detection systems are often used in commercial operations, however with youth projects this is not common. Develop an action where you can see when there is no power or fire. An emergency backup for a youth project could be as simple as having a generator available in case of a power outage. Write down some names and phone numbers of who you would need to contact. Your veterinarian, fire department, neighbor, relatives and police. In case of an emergency, quick communication is important. A written action plan can provide direction in case of an emergency. The plan may be a list of phone numbers of people to contact. Such as fire department, veterinarian, facility owner and/or producer and equipment suppliers. Emergency detection systems are often used in commercial operations, however with youth projects this is not common. Develop an action where you can see when there is no power or fire. An emergency backup for a youth project could be as simple as having a generator available in case of a power outage. Write down some names and phone numbers of who you would need to contact. Your veterinarian, fire department, neighbor, relatives and police.

51. WI MAQA - January 2009 51 GloGerm Activity

52. WI MAQA - January 2009 52 Animal Caretaker Program Training increases: Productivity Efficiency Appreciation for project goals Knowledge of changing technology Caretakers can be: paid employees, neighbors, friends, siblings, etc.. PETA examples: Hormel Trained caretakers (friends, neighbors, etc..) have a better understanding of your project goals and are often more willing to help meet those goals. As technology advances, transfer of information needs to be transmitted to caretakers. Everyone involved with your swine project, including family and friends, should be trained and the training must be recorded. Provide them a step by step chore to do list as well as other details of recording daily observations, etc..Trained caretakers (friends, neighbors, etc..) have a better understanding of your project goals and are often more willing to help meet those goals. As technology advances, transfer of information needs to be transmitted to caretakers. Everyone involved with your swine project, including family and friends, should be trained and the training must be recorded. Provide them a step by step chore to do list as well as other details of recording daily observations, etc..

53. WI MAQA - January 2009 53 Record Keeping QA Certification Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR) Daily Observation Record Medication and Treatment Record Euthanasia Plan Care Taker Program Keeping your QA certification is an important record to keep. A daily observation record is also a good record to have. This shows that you care for your animal on a daily basis. This will help you easily identify animals that are ill or injured or management practices that need to be addressed. Another record to keep is a written euthanasia plan. Every operation will have an animal at some point that does not respond to care or treatment, therefore it is important to have a written plan. Your plan can be as simple as calling your veterinarian. Providing proper care and facilities is one commitment you should be making as a producer and animal caretaker. One step is to keep records. VCPR allows the caretaker and the veterinarian to work together to ensure health and wellbeing. Medication and treatment records provide the health history of each individual pig that has been treated as well as having the potential to give an adequate picture of head health. One of the most important factors in animal well being is training the people who care for the animals.Keeping your QA certification is an important record to keep. A daily observation record is also a good record to have. This shows that you care for your animal on a daily basis. This will help you easily identify animals that are ill or injured or management practices that need to be addressed. Another record to keep is a written euthanasia plan. Every operation will have an animal at some point that does not respond to care or treatment, therefore it is important to have a written plan. Your plan can be as simple as calling your veterinarian. Providing proper care and facilities is one commitment you should be making as a producer and animal caretaker. One step is to keep records. VCPR allows the caretaker and the veterinarian to work together to ensure health and wellbeing. Medication and treatment records provide the health history of each individual pig that has been treated as well as having the potential to give an adequate picture of head health. One of the most important factors in animal well being is training the people who care for the animals.

54. WI MAQA - January 2009 54 Euthanasia Definition: intentional causing of a painless and easy death suffering from an incurable or painful disease. Difficult to decide to end an animal�s life. Consult with a veterinarian! Approved methods or suggested methods for meat animals. Captive bolt is most commonly used. Swine blunt force trauma can be used with smaller animals. It is hard to determine and decide to end an animal�s life. However when treatment no longer is effective and the animal isn�t getting better, or the source of pain or disease is incurable, this may warrant Euthanasia. Consulting with a veterinarian will help decide what choice should be made. In addition they can perform the task. The most recognized form is Captive Bolt for meat animals, used in swine, sheep and beef. It is widely documented in research as an approved method and is a good practice of animal welfare. Small swine can have blunt force trauma used. Resources for Euthanasia: Swine � National Pork Board Document Beef � American Association of Bovine Practitioners Sheep � UC Davis Veterinary Medicine It is hard to determine and decide to end an animal�s life. However when treatment no longer is effective and the animal isn�t getting better, or the source of pain or disease is incurable, this may warrant Euthanasia. Consulting with a veterinarian will help decide what choice should be made. In addition they can perform the task. The most recognized form is Captive Bolt for meat animals, used in swine, sheep and beef. It is widely documented in research as an approved method and is a good practice of animal welfare. Small swine can have blunt force trauma used. Resources for Euthanasia: Swine � National Pork Board Document Beef � American Association of Bovine Practitioners Sheep � UC Davis Veterinary Medicine

55. WI MAQA - January 2009 55 Euthanasia Written euthanasia plan that considers: Human safety Pig well-being Practicality and technical skills Cost Aesthetics Limitations Timely euthanasia Minimizes animal pain or distress Functional equipment available Every operation will at some time have injured or disadvantaged pigs that will require euthanasia. Therefore, it is important to have a written action plan in such an event. The On-Farm Euthanasia of Swine brochure provides information to help you choose an appropriate method, considering the following: � Human safety: The method must not put you or others at unnecessary risk � Pig well-being: The method should minimize any pain or distress on the pig � Practicality/technical skill requirements: The method should be easily learned and repeatable with the same expected outcome (proper supervision by an adult or veterinarian of all methods of euthanasia is recommended) � Cost: The method should be economical for you to use to ensure it is used when needed � Aesthetics: The method should not be objectionable to the person administering the procedure � Limitations: Some methods are only suitable for certain sizes of pigs or certain locations Euthanasia is defined as humane death occurring with minimal pain or distress. Pigs that are not responding to care or unlikely to recover must be euthanized humanely. Timely euthanasia, as well as using the appropriate methods and equipment, is critical to the well-being of these pigs. The definition of �timely� is as follows � animals showing no improvement or prospect for improvement after two days of intensive care should be humanely euthanized, unless special circumstances exist. In addition, severely injured or non-ambulatory pigs with the inability to recover are euthanized immediately. Any animal that is immobilized with a body condition score of 1 should be euthanized immediately. Personnel trained in euthanasia should always be available to respond if called � including nights, weekends and holidays. Any equipment that you use for euthanasia of pigs in your operation must be kept in proper repair and must be functional. A maintenance record can help to demonstrate that the condition of the equipment is being addressed. Every operation will at some time have injured or disadvantaged pigs that will require euthanasia. Therefore, it is important to have a written action plan in such an event. The On-Farm Euthanasia of Swine brochure provides information to help you choose an appropriate method, considering the following: � Human safety: The method must not put you or others at unnecessary risk � Pig well-being: The method should minimize any pain or distress on the pig � Practicality/technical skill requirements: The method should be easily learned and repeatable with the same expected outcome (proper supervision by an adult or veterinarian of all methods of euthanasia is recommended) � Cost: The method should be economical for you to use to ensure it is used when needed � Aesthetics: The method should not be objectionable to the person administering the procedure � Limitations: Some methods are only suitable for certain sizes of pigs or certain locations Euthanasia is defined as humane death occurring with minimal pain or distress. Pigs that are not responding to care or unlikely to recover must be euthanized humanely. Timely euthanasia, as well as using the appropriate methods and equipment, is critical to the well-being of these pigs. The definition of �timely� is as follows � animals showing no improvement or prospect for improvement after two days of intensive care should be humanely euthanized, unless special circumstances exist. In addition, severely injured or non-ambulatory pigs with the inability to recover are euthanized immediately. Any animal that is immobilized with a body condition score of 1 should be euthanized immediately. Personnel trained in euthanasia should always be available to respond if called � including nights, weekends and holidays. Any equipment that you use for euthanasia of pigs in your operation must be kept in proper repair and must be functional. A maintenance record can help to demonstrate that the condition of the equipment is being addressed.

56. WI MAQA - January 2009 56 Responsibility of Exhibitors and Parents Look at animals daily Give animals enough food and water daily Provide food with enough nutrients Provide a comfortable environment Provide enough space for animals No tolerance for abuse Know your veterinarian Provide medical care to sick animals Currently there are no national laws or regulations on improper handling or abuse of swine. However, there are some local and state governments that do have laws addressing animal cruelty. Willful acts of abuse are unacceptable on any farm or operation. Willful abuse and neglect are defined as acts outside of normally accepted production practices that intentionally cause pain and suffering including, but not limited to: 1. Intentionally applying prods to sensitive parts of the animal like eyes, ears, nose or rectum 2. Malicious hitting or beating of an animal 3. Purposeful failure to provide minimal food, water or care that results in significant harm or death to animals If you ever observe a willful act of abuse, you should immediately intervene or get an adult to stop the situation. You should then report the act to the appropriate people such as the owner or law enforcement. Currently there are no national laws or regulations on improper handling or abuse of swine. However, there are some local and state governments that do have laws addressing animal cruelty. Willful acts of abuse are unacceptable on any farm or operation. Willful abuse and neglect are defined as acts outside of normally accepted production practices that intentionally cause pain and suffering including, but not limited to: 1. Intentionally applying prods to sensitive parts of the animal like eyes, ears, nose or rectum 2. Malicious hitting or beating of an animal 3. Purposeful failure to provide minimal food, water or care that results in significant harm or death to animals If you ever observe a willful act of abuse, you should immediately intervene or get an adult to stop the situation. You should then report the act to the appropriate people such as the owner or law enforcement.

57. WI MAQA - January 2009 57 Summary Animal Handling and Carcass Quality are closely related Stress, flight zones, sight Bruises Space/Housing Herd Management Plans Biosecurity Caretaker, record keeping Euthanasia plan So, in summary, the two main areas we�ve talked about tonight, in regard to quality assurance principles are animal handling and carcass quality. Hopefully you�ve seen that these two topics are closely related. Animal handling techniques can affect an animal�s stress level, which can in turn affect meat quality. Improper handling techniques can also cause bruising on the animal and the carcass. Other areas of animal handling that we discussed simply make working with animals easier � both for you and for the animals. Understanding animals� sight, flight zones and blind spots; recognizing they are herd animals, and always remaining calm will help you a lot in working with livestock. So, in summary, the two main areas we�ve talked about tonight, in regard to quality assurance principles are animal handling and carcass quality. Hopefully you�ve seen that these two topics are closely related. Animal handling techniques can affect an animal�s stress level, which can in turn affect meat quality. Improper handling techniques can also cause bruising on the animal and the carcass. Other areas of animal handling that we discussed simply make working with animals easier � both for you and for the animals. Understanding animals� sight, flight zones and blind spots; recognizing they are herd animals, and always remaining calm will help you a lot in working with livestock.

58. WI MAQA - January 2009 58 For your information Youth printed certifications are available in 2 forms. 1. decorative certificate 2. printed certification information from the database after the advisor has entered your information. If certificate information is needed, notify the county office or trainer.

59. WI MAQA - January 2009 59 Youth Livestock Exhibitors Most public arena of the food animal industry Actions of 4-H & FFA members impact: Public perception of food animal industry Food quality and safety Remember: you are representing your organization, club, county, state, family & yourself. Youth livestock exhibitions are one of the most public arenas of the food animal industry. Youth can represent the best and worst of the industry in which they participate through their projects. Youth face sever decisions during the time they have ownership and control of their animal projects that can impact public perception of the food animal industry as well as food quality and safety. Educators need to provide youth with the tools to make ethic decisions Remember as an exhibitor you are representing your organization, club and the livestock industry to the public. If a TV camera was present, would you do anything differently? Youth livestock exhibitions are one of the most public arenas of the food animal industry. Youth can represent the best and worst of the industry in which they participate through their projects. Youth face sever decisions during the time they have ownership and control of their animal projects that can impact public perception of the food animal industry as well as food quality and safety. Educators need to provide youth with the tools to make ethic decisions Remember as an exhibitor you are representing your organization, club and the livestock industry to the public. If a TV camera was present, would you do anything differently?

60. WI MAQA - January 2009 60 Purpose of Livestock Projects Personal growth and development Responsibility Character Life Skills The purpose of livestock projects is important to review with exhibitors and parents. Livestock projects help youth work at personal growth and development. Livestock projects teach youth responsibility and help develop the character of an individual by caring for an animal. These are done through the development of several skills.The purpose of livestock projects is important to review with exhibitors and parents. Livestock projects help youth work at personal growth and development. Livestock projects teach youth responsibility and help develop the character of an individual by caring for an animal. These are done through the development of several skills.

61. WI MAQA - January 2009 61 Skill Development Problem solving Knowledge of food animal industry Self-confidence Teamwork Self-motivation Self-discipline Organizational skills Character Social skills Competition Critical thinking

62. WI MAQA - January 2009 62 Six Pillars of Character Trustworthiness Respect Responsibility Fairness Caring Citizenship We have talked about these the last few years, but going to do an activity of card playingWe have talked about these the last few years, but going to do an activity of card playing

63. WI MAQA - January 2009 63 Ethics Activity

64. WI MAQA - January 2009 64 Other Topics

65. WI MAQA - January 2009 65 USDA rule, effective Sept. 30, 2008 Affects Beef, Lamb, Pork and Goat Provides consumers of where their food originated (United States or Foreign) Confirms that the animal was born in the United States Suggested to have the seller sign an affidavit if you purchase your project animals. If you raised your animal you will need to sign an affidavit. An affidavit will be required if animals are sold to large processing plants (Tyson, etc..) & local buying stations such as Equity. Mandatory Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) will begin September 30th, 2008. This USDA rule provides consumers the knowledge and information of where their food originated. There has been much discussion on this topic since the 2002 farm bill, and it is now going into effect. This rule affects beef, lamb pork, and goats as well as other commodities like fish, nuts and ginseng. How does this rule affect youth exhibitors? COOL does not directly regulate livestock producers, however producers have first-hand knowledge concerning the origin of their animals. Therefore, youth who purchase and or raise their animals need to know the origin of their animals, especially if sold to large-scale processors (Tyson, etc.), buying stations (Equity, etc.) or to local meat processors who sell to major retailers. Youth exhibitors may not know the final destination of their project at the time it is sold, therefore, all exhibitors should complete an affidavit of Country of Origin of their animal to be passed to the buyer of their project animal. If you purchase your project animal, it is also suggested to obtain a Country of Origin affidavit from the seller. Retain this affidavit for your own records. This provides additional evidence of the validity of the Country of Origin affidavit that the exhibitor passes to the buyer of their project animal, if it is required. Mandatory Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) will begin September 30th, 2008. This USDA rule provides consumers the knowledge and information of where their food originated. There has been much discussion on this topic since the 2002 farm bill, and it is now going into effect. This rule affects beef, lamb pork, and goats as well as other commodities like fish, nuts and ginseng. How does this rule affect youth exhibitors? COOL does not directly regulate livestock producers, however producers have first-hand knowledge concerning the origin of their animals. Therefore, youth who purchase and or raise their animals need to know the origin of their animals, especially if sold to large-scale processors (Tyson, etc.), buying stations (Equity, etc.) or to local meat processors who sell to major retailers. Youth exhibitors may not know the final destination of their project at the time it is sold, therefore, all exhibitors should complete an affidavit of Country of Origin of their animal to be passed to the buyer of their project animal. If you purchase your project animal, it is also suggested to obtain a Country of Origin affidavit from the seller. Retain this affidavit for your own records. This provides additional evidence of the validity of the Country of Origin affidavit that the exhibitor passes to the buyer of their project animal, if it is required.

66. WI MAQA - January 2009 66 Example Affidavit Country of Origin Affidavit/Declaration As an affidavit is deemed by USDA as an official record of Country of Origin, I attest through first-hand knowledge, normal business records, or producer affidavit(s) that all livestock referenced by this document or other communications specific to the transaction and transferred are of U.S. origin (born and raised in the U.S.). _________________________________________________________ Exhibitor Name (if applicable) Signature______________________________ Date_________________________ Parent/Guardian Signature________________________________ Date _____________ Print Exhibitor Name______________________________________________________ Address_________________________________________________________________ Phone Number___________________________________________________________ Number of Animals____________________ Species______________________________ Breed_______________________________ Sex_________________________________ Ear Tag (s) _________________________ This affidavit is available online to be printed and taken when purchasing animals.This affidavit is available online to be printed and taken when purchasing animals.

67. WI MAQA - January 2009 67 Paylean Reminders Is only approved for use in Swine. Label indicates it is NOT to be fed to breeding animals. Showing market gilts fed Paylean, should not be kept as replacements Research states Paylean fed swine can be more excitable and stressed when in new environments. Feeding more IS NOT Better!!! Follow the label. Body accepts so much of the product, too much provides no added benefit.

68. WI MAQA - January 2009 68 Paylean Demonstration

69. WI MAQA - January 2009 69 Pork Information Gateway http://pork.porkgateway.com/ Register to receive access to all information. Informational Website through the Pork Center of Excellence Factsheets Get questions answered Read questions Pictures Events Careers This website provides producers and youth knowledge and information on numerous topics. A collaborated effort with the National Pork Board and other partners. Check out this site to assist in your learning.This website provides producers and youth knowledge and information on numerous topics. A collaborated effort with the National Pork Board and other partners. Check out this site to assist in your learning.