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RNA and Protein Synthesis

RNA and Protein Synthesis. Chapter 12-3 K:High SchoolCampusesCRHSSciencePAP Bio Introduction__Transcription_of_DNA_to_Messenger_RNA.asf. What is a gene?. A gene is the functional unit of heredity. Genes , which are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules

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RNA and Protein Synthesis

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  1. RNA and Protein Synthesis Chapter 12-3 K:\High School\Campuses\CRHS\Science\PAP Bio\Introduction__Transcription_of_DNA_to_Messenger_RNA.asf

  2. What is a gene? • A gene is the functional unit of heredity.

  3. Genes, which are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called PROTEINS.

  4. The Human Genome Project has estimated that humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. • In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.

  5. How do genes direct the production of proteins? Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins.

  6. The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: • Transcription • Translation.

  7. Together, transcription and translation are known as… PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  8. The assembly of amino acids into proteins is controlled by a molecule called… RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) K:\High School\Campuses\CRHS\Science\PAP Bio\What_is_the_Role_of_RNA_.asf

  9. Structure of RNA • Single-stranded Think of RNA as a disposable copy of a segment of DNA!

  10. Structure of RNA B. RNA is composed of NUCLEOTIDES 1. ribose (5-Carbon sugar) 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base

  11. In addition to the bases Adenine, Guanine and Cytosine RNA also has Uracil as one of its four bases (found only in RNA, it replaces Thymine).

  12. Comparison of DNA and RNA Single Strand Double Strand Uracil Thymine

  13. Comparison of DNA and RNA

  14. Three Types of RNA tRNA mRNA rRNA

  15. Messenger RNA (mRNA) Brings genetic code for protein production from DNA in the nucleus to ribosome. DNA mRNA

  16. Transfer RNA (tRNA) tRNA transfers an amino acid to the ribosome during the construction of a protein Amino Acid Anticodon

  17. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Ribosome Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. Ribosomes consist of protein and ribosomal RNA

  18. Transcription (DNARNA)

  19. Transcription (DNAmRNA) During the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene’s DNAis transferred to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus.

  20. The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

  21. Steps of Transcription (DNARNA) Process occurs in the nucleus. 1.Double stranded DNAunwinds and unzips.

  22. 2. RNA nucleotides attach to exposed DNA bases

  23. 3.This new strand of RNA (mRNA) will detach from the DNA and move into the cytoplasm towards a ribosome.

  24. The Genetic Code The language of mRNA instructions is called the genetic code. As you know, RNA contains four bases: A U G C The code is written in a language that has only four “letters”

  25. The genetic code is read three letters at a time so that each “word” is three bases long

  26. Each three letter “word” (three base sequence) is known as a… CODON

  27. A codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides on the mRNA chain. Each codon specifies a single amino acid

  28. Consider the following mRNA sequence: UCGCACGGU The sequence would be read 3 bases at a time UCG CAC GGU

  29. Each codon represents an amino acid: UCG Serine CAC Histidine GGU Glycine K:\High School\Campuses\CRHS\Science\PAP Bio\The_mRNA_Template.wmv

  30. Translation (RNAProtein) Translation takes place in the cytoplasm. During Translation, the cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins

  31. Steps of Translation : Step 1 Translation begins when a mRNA binds with a ribosome so that the mRNA can be read or decoded by the ribosome. mRNA codon Ribosome

  32. The message is read 3 nucleotide bases (or one “codon” ) at a time. Each “codon” stands for a specific amino acid.

  33. Steps of Translation (Step 2) aminoacid A tRNA moleculecarries the amino acid to the ribosome. tRNA anticodon codon mRNA Ribosome

  34. Anticodons on the tRNA bond with codons on mRNA to ensure the delivery of the specific amino acid to the ribosome.

  35. Steps of Translation: Step 3 The ribosome reads the next mRNA codon and tRNA delivers the next amino acid to the ribosome, matching anticodon to codon.

  36. Steps of Translation: Step 4 The ribosome reads the next codon, corresponding tRNA brings the amino acid to the ribosome…

  37. …As amino acids are added to the sequence, they are linked together by peptide bonds, eventually forming a Protein

  38. K:\High School\Campuses\CRHS\Science\PAP Bio\Messenger_RNA__Transfer_RNA__and_Protein_Synthesis.asf

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