World War II in the Pacific

1. World War II in the Pacific Chapter 32

2. Japan’s Aggressive Actions • 1931 – Japan takes over Manchuria • 1937 – Japan invades China • By July of 1941 – conquered French Indochina (Vietnam), Cambodia, and Laos • Isoroku Yamamto • Created a plan to attack the U.S. fleet in Hawaii as well as British and Dutch colonies in the Pacific

3. United States Enters the War • US had tried to remain neutral, but fear of Germany and Japan grew – FDR came to believe that both were great threats to US security • US began the Lend-Lease Program: US “loaned” military supplies to allies • By 1938, Japan occupied northern and central China, and US stopped shipping oil, rubber, and metal to Japan

4. Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 • When US refused to trade with Japan, Japan enacted long-standing plan • Badly crippled US navy • Also attacked Clark Field in the Philippines (U.S.) and Hong Kong (Great Britain) • Congress declared war – FDR: “December 7th, 1941…a day that will live in infamy.” • Within three days, Japan, Germany, Italy had declared war on the US • With US navy crippled, Japan took much of the Pacific

7. With US crippled, Japan took much of the Pacific (1941 – 1942) Guam, Wake Islands, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, and the Philippines Douglas MacArthur: “I shall return.” Bataan Death March (1942) 75,000 prisoners (Filipino and American soldiers) forced to march 61 miles through the jungles War Crimes later charged due to intense violence and inhumane conditions @ 54,000 survived the march Japan Advances in the Pacific

8. Bataan Death March

10. Japanese Internment • On February 19, 1942 President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 that authorized US government to forcibly roundup 120,000 persons of Japanese ancestry into 10 internment camps. At this time, the Canadian government interned 26,000 Japanese Canadians.

12. German and Italian-Americans Also Interned, although not in the same numbers as Japanese • By 1944, 1,500 Japanese-Americans volunteered for military service • One of the most decorated military units in US military history

13. The Pacific Theater • May 7-8, 1942, Battle of the Coral Sea was a tactical stalemate – but was the first one for Allies • Also, the first ever aircraft carrier battle • June 4-7, 1942, Battle of Midwaywas the turning point in the war -- first victory for the US in Pacific • Japan was trying to invade Midway Islands for a base for invasion of Hawaii • Japanese lost four carriers, two cruisers, and three destroyers; US lost one carrier and one destroyer

14. Battles of the Coral Sea & Midway

15. Battle of Guadalcanal • First part of Douglas MacArthur’s “island hopping” campaign • August, 1942 – February, 1943 • Heavy fighting in the jungles of the Solomon Islands • First successful land battle for the Americans vs. the Japanese • Japan looses 24,000 of 36,000 soldiers • Prevented a Japanese invasion of Australia

16. “Island Hopping” • “Island Hopping” involved taking strategically important islands and leaving others • Many Japanese fought to the death • Douglas MacArthur leads campaign • Japanese engage in Kamikaze attacks • At Saipan in June 1944, soldiers and women with babies jump off of cliffs rather than face US occupation • By end of June, 1945, Allies had taken Okinawa, Japan and most of Japanese Navy and Air Force had been destroyed • Japan still had an army of 2 million men

17. Island Hopping • October 1944 – Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines) • Japanese navy loses most of its fleet • General MacArthur • “People of the Philippines, I have returned.” • March 1945 – U.S. Marines take Iwo Jima • Heavy fighting, results in taking an island 760 miles from Japan • April 1945 – U.S. takes Okinawa • Japan looses over 100,000 troops

18. Bombing of Japan http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/normandy.htm

19. End of World War II in the Pacific • April, 1945, FDR died and Harry S. Truman replaced him as President • Planned an invasion of Japan which would cost an estimated 1,000,000 American lives and 2,000,000 Japanese lives • August 6, 1945: Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima – leveled 4 mi/sq • August 8, Russia declares war on Japan and invades Manchuria • Japan refused to surrender • August 9, bomb dropped on Nagasaki • Japan surrenders on the August 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

20. TABLE A TABLE B Estimates of Casualties Per-Cent Mortality at Various Distances Hiroshima Nagasaki Distance from X, in feet Pre-raid population 255,000 Per-cent Mortality 195,000 0 - 1000 Dead 66,000 93.0% 39,000 Injured 1000 - 2000 69,000 92.0 25,000 Total Casualties 2000 - 3000 135,000 86.0 64,000 3000 - 4000 69.0 4000 - 5000 49.0 5000 - 6000 31.5 6000 - 7000 12.5 7000 - 8000 1.3 8000 - 9000 0.5 9000 - 10,000 0.0 • The Department of Energy estimated that, by 1950, 340,000 Japanese died from injuries or illness attributed to the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. http://www.worldwar2database.com http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/abomb/mp10.htm

21. Country Military Civilian Total U.S.S.R. 8,668,000 16,900,000 25,568,000 China 1,324,000 10,000,000 11,324,000 Germany 3,250,000 3,810,000 7,060,000 Poland 850,000 6,000,000 6,850,000 Japan 1,506,000 300,000 1,806,000 Yugoslavia 300,000 1,400,000 1,700,000 Rumania 520,000 465,000 985,000 France 340,000 470,000 810,000 Austria 380,000 145,000 525,000 Hungary 200,000 290,000 490,000 Greece 88,300 325,000 413,300 Italy 330,000 80,000 410,000 United Kingdom 326,000 62,000 388,000 USA 292,131 6,000 298,131 Netherlands 14,000 236,000 250,000 Czechoslovakia 10,000 215,000 225,000 Philippines 27,000 91,000 118,000 Belgium 10,000 75,000 85,000 Finland 82,000 2,000 84,000 Canada 37,476 37,476 India 36,000 36,000 Australia 29,000 29,000 Spain 12,000 10,000 22,000 Bulgaria 19,000 2,000 21,000 New Zealand 12,000 12,000 Norway 3,000 7,000 10,000 South Africa 9,000 9,000 U.K. Colonies 6,877 6,877 Denmark 2,000 1,800 3,800 Brazil 943 943 Totals:   18,684,727   40,892,800   59,577,527 World War II Casualties

23. Property Losses are estimated at a figure of $1,000,000,000,0001