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The Jim Crow Era (1870s – 1960s). 1) After Reconstruction, many Southern state governments passed “Jim Crow” laws forcing the separation of the races in public places (segregation). The Jim Crow Era (1870s – 1960s).
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The Jim Crow Era (1870s – 1960s) 1) After Reconstruction, many Southern state governments passed “Jim Crow” laws forcing the separation of the races in public places (segregation)
The Jim Crow Era (1870s – 1960s) 2) “Jim Crow” laws were laws that legally segregated African Americans and prevented them from voting, going to white schools, riding in white trains, etc. 3) Jim Crow laws segregated white society and black society 4) Some African Americans sued that segregation was unconstitutional
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) 1) African Americans said that segregation was a violation of the 14th Amendment 2) This case went all the way to the Supreme Court 3) The Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of public facilities was legal as long as the facilities were “separate but equal”
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) 4) This Supreme Court decision would uphold the “Jim Crow” laws that predominated in the South until the 1960s 5) This continued inequality would eventually lead to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s
A New Slavery • Congress freed the slaves but they failed the ensure their freedoms 2) With Jim Crow laws, segregation, and very few opportunities for education, African Americans had very few places to turn
A New Slavery 3) Most African Americans became “tenant farmers’’ and “sharecroppers” to rent and share the land of wealthier whites
A New Slavery 4) African Americans were still tied to the white power structure 5) Without federal protection, emancipation resulted in a new kind of slavery =
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1955-1965 1953-61 1961-63 1963-69
Supreme Court Cases • Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) was overturned by 2) Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) • This case decided that segregation of the races in public accommodations and institutions was legal
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) B) This court ruled that this was legal as long as the facilities were “separate but equal” **The following pictures are of the ‘separate but equal’ schools is Prince Edward County, VA
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) C) NAACP (Nat’l Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People) - this organization sought change mainly through the courts D) During the 1930s the NAACP tried to outlaw segregation by overturning the Plessy vs. Ferguson case E) By 1954 the NAACP was successful
2) Brown vs. Board of Education • NAACP lawyers argued that segregated schools were unequal and unfair B) Attorney Thurgood Marshall led the NAACP legal defense team
2) Brown vs. Board of Education C) This supreme court case overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson and forced schools to integrate D) It also made segregation of all public facilities illegal
2) Brown vs. Board of Education E) Many states ignored this new law (Including Virginia)
The response in Virginia • Massive public resistance – The state even closed public schools for over a year 2) Many private academies were established for whites only 3) This caused “White Flight” from urban school systems
Oliver Hill 1) Oliver Hill led the NAACP legal defense team in Virginia
The response nationwide 1) Most resistance occurred in the Southeast
The response nationwide 2) In Little Rock, Arkansas, the Governor used the state National Guard to prevent Black students from entering white schools
The response nationwide 3) President Eisenhower sent the US Army to force the school to integrate
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) 1) Rosa Parks refused to give a bus seat to a white person in Montgomery, Alabama and was jailed
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) 2) African Americans organized a massive boycott of the city buses 3) This protest lasted over a year
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) 4) Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. organized this protest
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) 5) The Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was illegal
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (MLK) 1) After the bus boycott he became the leader of the Civil Rights Movement 2) MLK taught “non-violent protest”
EX - Freedom rides 1) Black and White civil rights activists would ride buses together though the South as a form of protest
EX - Freedom rides 2) Many buses were attacked in the deep South
EX - Sit-ins 1) Sit-ins were designed to integrate public facilities 2) Many of these places were reserved for “whites only”
EX - Sit-ins 3) In Greensboro, North Carolina three Black college students took a stand and went to a Woolworth’s lunch counter 4) All of them were arrested 5) This sparked a wave of sit-ins across the South
EX - Marches 1) The most famous march took place in Birmingham, Alabama
EX - Marches 2) “Bull” Connor was the racist police commissioner of Birmingham
EX - Marches 3) He attacked protesters with fire hoses, tear gas, and attack dogs
