Henry the Navigator, and Prince of Portugal. Art (about 1464).

1. Three Worlds Meet Native Americans and Africans develop complex societies and cultures. Europeans explore and conquer parts of the New World and launch a massive slave trade. Henry the Navigator, and Prince of Portugal. Art (about 1464). NEXT

2. Peopling the Americas SECTION 1 SECTION 2 North American Societies Around 1492 West African Societies Around 1492 SECTION 3 European Societies Around 1492 SECTION 4 Transatlantic Encounters SECTION 5 Three Worlds Meet NEXT

3. Section 1 Peopling the Americas In ancient times, migrating peoples settle the Americas, where their descendants develop complex societies. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 Map Peopling the Americas Ancient Peoples Come to the Americas The First Americans • 22,000 years ago hunters cross from Asia to Alaska over Beringia Hunting and Gathering • Inhabitants hunt large animals until climate warms • 12,000 to 10,000 years ago hunt small game, gather nuts and berries Agriculture Develops • Planting of crops begins in central Mexico 10,000 to 5,000 years ago • Some cultures remain nomadic—moving in search of food and water NEXT

5. SECTION 1 Map Complex Societies Flourish in the Americas Early Cultures of the Americas • About 3,000 years ago, inhabitants begin forming large communities Empires of Middle and South America • The Olmec flourish 1200 to 400 B.C. along Gulf of Mexico • A.D. 250 to 900, Maya culture thrives in Guatemala and Yucatán • Aztec begin building civilization in the Valley of Mexico in 1200s • Inca establish empire around A.D.1200 in western South America • Cultures have cities or ceremonial centers; some have writing Continued . . . NEXT

6. SECTION 1 Image continuedComplex Societies Flourish in the Americas Ancient Desert Farmers • About 3,000 years ago, groups begin growing crops in Southwest • Groups establish civilizations, 300 B.C. to A.D. 1400 - Hohokam settle in river valleys - Anasazi live in mesa tops, cliff sides, canyons Mound Builders • In East, Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian establish trading societies • Adena, Hopewell build huge burial and animal-shaped mounds • Mississippian people build giant pyramidal mounds NEXT

7. Section 2 North American Societies Around 1492 The varied landscapes of North America encourage the diversity of Native American cultures. NEXT

8. SECTION 2 Image North American Societies Around 1492 Native Americans Live in Diverse Societies California • Kashaya Pomo hunt waterfowl along northwest coast • Yurok, Hupa gather acorns in forests, fish in mountain streams Northwest Coast • Large communities live along streams, seashore, and in forests • Kwakiutl, Nootka, Haida gather shellfish, hunt whales, otters, seals • Place totems, symbols of ancestral spirits, on masks, boats, poles • Potlatches—families give away possessions in special ceremonies Continued . . . NEXT

9. SECTION 2 Image continuedNative Americans Live in Diverse Societies Southwest • By 1300, Pueblo settle near waterways, build multistory houses • Hopi, Acoma live near cliffs, develop irrigation systems • Grow corn, beans, squash; build kivas, underground ceremonial rooms Eastern Woodlands • Tribes like Iroquois build villages in forests; farm, hunt, gather • People develop woodworking tools, craft objects from wood • Northeast rely on animals for food, clothing; Southeast, on farming NEXT

10. SECTION 2 Map Native Americans Share Cultural Patterns Trading Networks • Trade one of biggest factors in bringing tribes into contact • Groups specialize in processing or making different products • Traders on transcontinental network trade items from far-off places Land Use • Native Americans consider land the source of life, not to be sold • Disturb it only for important reasons, like food gathering, farming Continued . . . NEXT

11. SECTION 2 continuedNative Americans Share Cultural Patterns Religious Beliefs • People believe nature is filled with spirits; ancestors guide people • Some cultures believe in one supreme being Social Organization • Bonds of kinship, ties among relatives, ensure customs are passed on • Division of labor—tasks by gender, age, status— creates social order • Groups organized by families; some in clans with common ancestor NEXT

12. Section 3 West African Societies Around 1492 West Africa in the 1400s is home to a variety of peoples and cultures. NEXT

13. SECTION 3 Map West African Societies Around 1492 West Africa Connects with the Wider World The Sahara Highway • Trading network connects West Africa to North Africa, Europe, Asia • Traders bring Islam; by 1200s court religion of Mali, later Songhai The Portuguese Arrive • By 1470s, Portuguese have coastal outpost near Akan goldfields • Direct trade creates closer relations with Europe • Portuguese begin European trade in West African slaves • First slaves work on plantation—large farm with single crop NEXT

14. SECTION 3 Three African Kingdoms Flourish Songhai • In mid-1400s, Songhai controls Sahara trade; gains wealth, power • Sunni Ali rules 1464–1492, conquers largest empire in area’s history • Askia Muhammad is master organizer, devout Muslim, scholar • Timbuktu again becomes great center of Islamic learning • Songhai control savanna (dry grasslands) but not forest area • Other kingdoms thrive in coastal rain forest Continued . . . NEXT

15. SECTION 3 Image continued Three African Kingdoms Flourish Benin • Forest kingdoms trade with Songhai, North Africa, Portugal • Benin dominates large area around Niger Delta • Oba, or ruler, controls trade, district chiefs, metal work Kongo • Kongo—many small kingdoms in rain forest, lower Zaire (Congo) River • Manikongo, or ruler, oversees empire of over 4 million people • Kongo system of government very similar to that of European nations NEXT

16. SECTION 3 West African Culture Family and Government • Lineage—common descent—decides loyalty, inheritance, marriage • Oldest relative controls family, represents family in group councils • Group shares language, history, often territory; has one chief Religion • All things have spirits; ancestor spirits visit elders in dreams • Most cultures believe in single creator; spirits do his work • Christian, Muslim rule of not worshipping spirits source of conflict Continued . . . NEXT

17. SECTION 3 continued West African Culture Livelihood • Make living from farming, herding, hunting, fishing, mining, trading • Land owned by family or village; individuals farm plots Use of Slave Labor • Slaves are lowest social group; slavery not inherited or permanent • Slaves freed through adoption by owners, marriage, other means NEXT

18. Section 4 European Societies Around 1492 Political, economic, and intellectual developments in western Europe in the 1400s lead to the Age of Exploration. NEXT

19. SECTION 4 European Societies Around 1492 The European Social Order The Social Hierarchy • Communities are organized according to social hierarchy or rank • Monarchs, nobles have wealth, power; at top of hierarchy • Artisans, merchants have social mobility • Majority are peasants, at bottom of hierarchy The Family in Society • Life centers on nuclear family—parents and their children • Men do field work, herd; women do child care, house work, field work NEXT

20. SECTION 4 Image Christianity Shapes the European Outlook Religion • Roman Catholic Church dominates; pope, bishops make decisions • Parish priests interpret scriptures, administer sacraments Crusading Christianity • Crusades—Christian military expeditions to take Holy Land, 1096–1270 • Isabella, Ferdinand end reconquista or reconquest of Spain,1492 Decline in Church Authority • Reformation—disputes over church practices, authority in the 1500s • Europe divided between Catholicism and Protestantism NEXT

21. SECTION 4 Image Changes Come to Europe European Situation in 1400s • Recovery from natural disasters, plague, war; millions die The Growth of Commerce and Population • Italian city-states profit from trade with Asia, Middle East • Population rebounds: stimulates commerce, growth of towns • Urban middle class gains political power Continued . . . NEXT

22. SECTION 4 continued Changes Come to Europe The Rise of Nations • Monarchs collect new taxes, raise armies, maintain bureaucracies • Merchants accept taxes in exchange for protection, expanded trade • Major European powers emerge: Portugal, Spain, France, England The Renaissance • Renaissance starts in Italy—interest in world, human achievement • Investigate physical world; study arts, classics NEXT

23. SECTION 4 Interactive Map Europe Enters a New Age of Expansion Overland Travel to Asia • Expense, danger of journeys lead to search for alternative route Sailing Technology • Navigating instruments, new sailing technology promote exploration Portugal Takes the Lead • Prince Henry of Portugal called “Henry the Navigator” - founds sailing school - sends Portuguese ships to explore west coast of Africa • Traders sail around Africa via Indian Ocean; increase profit NEXT

24. Section 5 Transatlantic Encounters Columbus’s voyages set off a chain of events that bring together the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas. NEXT

25. SECTION 5 Image Transatlantic Encounters Columbus Crosses the Atlantic First Encounters • In 1492, Christopher Columbus attempts to reach Asia by sailing west • Meets Taino—natives of Caribbean; renames their island San Salvador Gold, Land, and Religion • Columbus searches for gold, claims lands for Spain, plants crosses • Explores small islands and coastlines of Cuba, Hispaniola Continued . . . NEXT

26. SECTION 5 continued Columbus Crosses the Atlantic Spanish Footholds • Columbus leads 3 more voyages; takes soldiers, priests, colonists • Spanish and others first occupy Caribbean island, then mainland NEXT

27. SECTION 5 The Impact on Native Americans Methods of Colonization • Colonization—establishing and controlling distant settlements • Europeans force locals to work, dominate with sophisticated weapons Resistance and Conquest • In the 1490s, Spanish put down rebellions on different islands Disease Ravages the Native Americans • Native Americans have no natural immunity to European diseases • Contagious diseases kill hundreds of thousands NEXT

28. SECTION 5 Image The Slave Trade Begins A New Slave Labor Force • As natives die of disease, Africans brought to work in colonies • Demand for workers grows, price of slaves rises • Slave trade becomes profitable; more Europeans join slave trade African Losses • African societies devastated: millions of people taken from Africa NEXT

29. SECTION 5 Chart The Impact on Europeans The Columbian Exchange • Thousands of Europeans voluntarily migrate to America • Columbian Exchange: transfer of plants, animals between hemispheres National Rivalries • 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divides Western Hemisphere: - lands west of imaginary line, most of Americas, belong to Spain - lands east of line, including Brazil, belong to Portugal • Treaty unenforceable; English, Dutch, French colonize Americas NEXT

30. SECTION 5 A New Society is Born Three Cultures Affect One Another • Columbus returns to Spain (1504), disappointed did not find China • People transformed as unfamiliar customs come together • Impossible to impose European ways on others— blended society emerges NEXT

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