SSWH15 Describe the impact of industrialization and urbanization.

1. SSWH15 Describe the impact of industrialization and urbanization. a. Analyze the process and impact of industrialization in Great Britain, Germany, and Japan. b. Examine the political and economic ideas of Adam Smith and Karl Marx. c. Examine the social impact of urbanization, include: women and children.

2. The Industrial 
​Revolution

3. Britain Led the Rise of Industry, but WHY? While many of the key elements of industrialization, including mass production and mechanization, first appeared in Song China around the 12th century it was in 18th century Britain that sustained innovations in technology that led to dramatic and permanent transformations of society. Several factors converged to make Britain the birthplace of the industrial revolution.

4. Britain Led the Rise of Industry, but WHY? manpower- population boom, city workers materials- coal, iron ore and other natural resources money- from trade and war to invest markets- large colonial empire, trade agreements modes of transportation- roads, rail and shipping

5. Manufacturing Traditionally, British manufacturing was done in small batches in workshops and homes but beginning in the mid-1700s production began to shift to factories. In 1759 Josiah Wedgwood transformed the production of pottery by introducing division of labor. Each worker was given on small simple task in the manufacture of pottery. This change increased productivity and quality and decreased costs. Wedgwood became a model for mass production in Britain

6. Inventions: - Invention of flying shuttle made weaving cotton faster - Spinning Jenny invented (1764 by James Hargraves) made spinning faster, invented to keep up with flying shuttle -Richard Arkwright invented the water frame (1769) using hydroelectric power and was used in conjunction with the spinning jenny - Water powered loom invented in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright made to keep up with Spinning Jenny and water frame. - Invention of steam engine allowed cotton mills to be placed anywhere, not just by rivers since they were fueled by coal. Flying Shuttle

7. Coal and Iron: vThe invention of the steam engine by James Watt increased the production of the textile mills vThe steam engine was a HUGE part of 
​the Industrial Revolution à Dependent on coal for fuel vBritain also had large supplies of iron 
​ore àHenry Cort created a better process to make high quality iron vIron was used to build machines à especially new methods of transportation

8. +Railroads are important to the success of Industrial Revolution. +1804- 1st steam locomotive invented, traveled 5 mph; within 20 years jumped to 50 mph +RR- Created new jobs for peasants, lower priced transport = lower priced goods, more sales = more factories/machines. Ongoing economic growth

9. SPREAD of Industrial Revolution: à Began in England, than began spreading 
​in Europe: 1st in Belgium, France and German States à Britain's textile industry received a boost when Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin (1793). This allowed the seeds to be separated from the raw cotton efficiently. à Huge quantities of cotton grown in the US were sold to textile manufacturers in Britain. This solidified the relationship between England and the US. As a result of the technological advancement in Britain, a huge increase in population, city growth, a middle class, and labor movement resulted.

10. à Machines became more efficient, dependable and affordable with the regular use of iron, the introduction of steam power and use of interchangeable parts. àWhile iron had been in use for thousands of years, its production up until the late 1700's was extremely labor intensive. àDiscovers in the late 1700's allowed the iron workers to efficiently remove impurities greatly increasing output and bring down costs.

11. By the 1820s steam engines powered factories, trans-Atlantic ships, and railroads. In 1801, Eli Whitney, introduced the use of interchangeable parts to the manufacture of firearms. Like the other innovations, interchangeable parts increased productivity and quality and decreased costs. The use of interchangeable parts spread to other industries quickly and after its adoption by British firms it became known in Europe and the “American system of manufactures.”

12. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution Industry changed Europeans’ way of life 1. Urbanization: a movement of people to cities 1750- 140 million people 1850- 266 million people Cities became home to industries but also led to pitiful living conditions the cities were dirty and disease ridden from factories, city governments were corrupt and inefficient, cities were unsafe People lived in tenement housing (shabby apartment buildings) they had no light, no running water, many to one room, and no sanitation system.

13. 2. Hazards of Factory Life: Long work days (12-16 hours), No safety 
​devices (loss of limbs, lives), Pollution (coal dust, lint into lungs of workers), Women were paid less than men, Many employers preferred women to men, thought they could adapt to machines better, easier to manage, Grim family life (“double-shift”)

14. 3. Children Suffered in Mills and Mines -Were “trappers” – people who cleared the ventilation shafts --Orphaned children worked for food and board ---Many families needed the extra money ----Very few received an education -----Factory Act of 1833: minimum 13 years old, work maximum 8 hour day

15. 4. New Social Classes: Middle Class Expanded à +Rise of factory owners, shippers and merchants +Lived in nice housing, dressed and ate well, women did not work, men expected to bring in the income +Industrial Middle Class à People who built factories, bought machines, and figured out where markets were +Industrial Working Class à Horrible working conditions! 12-16 hour days, no minimum wage, no minimum age, women paid less than men, women started working from home and men were expected to work outside home and bring in majority of income.

16. Capitalism vs. Socialism -Capitalism = individuals, rather than governments, control the factors of production (land, labor, capital); businesses are privately owned Early Socialism: -The terrible working conditions gave way for socialism; (socialism is a system in which society, primarily government, owns and controls some means of production, such as factories and utilities)

17. Continued -The main idea of socialists was to 
​create equality with all people and 
​create an environment where there was cooperation not competition. -Karl Marx is one of the primary leaders of socialism.

18. Karl Marx: The first labor movement was based on Karl Marx’s theory called Marxism. His theories advocated the overthrow of the existing industrial society to create a classless society, they were adopted in countries such as Russia and China. It was based on the idea of improving work and living conditions for the working class. In 1848, he and Frederich Ingles wrote the Communist Manifesto.

19. He believed that all of world history was a class struggle between the oppressed and the oppressors. The oppressors owned the means of production (land, raw materials, money), and controlled government and society. The working class was the oppressed. He predicted a struggle between the two would end in a proletariat (working people) dictatorship organizing the factors of production, and that the proletariat victory would produce a classless society.

20. Child Labor Karl Marx

21. Second Industrial Revolution

22. 1st IR gave rise to textiles, rail roads, iron & coal 2nd IR gave rise to steel, chemicals, electricity & 
​petroleum

23. New Products àThe first major change between 1870 and 1914 was the substitution of steel for iron o The new methods made steel useful in building lighter, smaller, faster machines and engines àElectricity becomes the new form of energy o Converted into light, heat and motion §Light bulb-->allows for night shifts (factories can now be open all day)

24. Inventors: o Thomas Edison- Light Bulb oAlexander Graham Bell- Telephone oGuglielmo Marconi- Sent the first 
​radio waves across Atlantic Ocean oGottlieb Daimer- light, portable 
​internal combustion engine

25. Inventors (cont.) o Henry Ford- Assembly line used for mass production oOrville and Wilbur Wright: First flight in a fixed winged plane in 1903 àInternal-combustion engine led to automobile & airplane

28. Let's Make Our OWN inventions! :)

29. Socialist Parties and Trade Unions: - Eventually working class leaders formed socialist parties - Trade unions worked for evolutionary change not revolutionary change in Great Britain. Labor movements grew in strength across the globe meeting with a lack of governmental support in the early years. -This attitude by government would change over time. Labor unions were formed to organize workers to petition management for changes. At first, these unions were banned but after 1892 they could legally strike for higher wages and better work conditions. -Some radical workers formed a group known as the Luddites who showed their frustration with management by shooting the machines they worked on. Most labor unions were committed to true change.

31. Women’s Experiences -- Women were legally inferior and economically dependent upon men, with the second Industrial Revolution there were jobs created like secretaries or telephone operators in which women were the primary workers. Most were still at home though. -- Women began to fight for their rights! Modern feminism began during the 1830's.

32. -From 1870 to 1920, a worldwide suffrage movement for women grew. -Emmeline Pankhurst led the way for women in England. -The dramatic upheaval of WWI led to women achieving the right to vote in the years following the war.

33. ^1815-1830; two major changes occurred… 
​Liberalism and Nationalism  ^Liberalism: People should be as free as 
​possible from government restraint. Liberals 
​believed in things like the American Bill of 
​Rights. Religious toleration, separation of 
​church and state, wanted constitutional 
​monarchy. Liberalism is tied to middle class, exampleàonly landowners can vote; they didn't want lower classes to have any power.

34. Nationalism: Rose out of people’s awareness of community with common institutions, traditions, language and customs. People owe loyalty to nation rather than dynasty, city-state or other political unit.

35. Culture: Romanticism and Realism . Romanticism: vNew intellectual movement that emerged in the 18th Century. They emphasized feelings, emotion and 
​imagination as the source of knowledge. 
​Romantics wrote about emotion and 
​sentiment, they also believed in 
​individualism the uniqueness of each 
​person.

36. ROMANTICauthors, artists and musicians and their work: William Wordsworth- Poet John Keats- Poet Lord Byron- Poet Sir Walter Scott- Writer (Ivanhoe book about the days of knighthood) Grimm Brothers- Collection of fairy tales Eugene Delacroix- Artist John Constable- Artist Ludwig van Beethoven- musician Pytor Ilich Tchaikovsky- musician

37. A New Age of Science: + With the Industrial revolution came a heightened interest in scientific research. + By 1830s, new discoveries in science came to have a greater and greater impact on people. + In Biology: oLouis Pasture proposed the germ theory of disease + In Chemistry: oDmitry Mendeleyev classified all the material elements oMichael Faraday put together a primitive generator

38. - Europeans had a growing faith in science; this undermined the religious faith of many people. Became a time of secularization (indifference or rejection of religion or religious consideration) - Charles Darwin: principle of organic evolution. Species more adaptable to an environment than others: called natural selection; became known as "survival of the fittest". He also argued that human beings had animal origins. Some accepted his ideas while others did not.

39. Realism: *The idea that the world should be viewed realistically; closely related to the scientific outlook. They rejected 
​romanticism and wanted to write about ordinary characters from actual life rather than romantic heroes in exotic settings.

40. REALIST authors, artists and musicians and their work: James Gutherie- Artist Charles Dickens- Writer (Tale of Two Cities, Oliver Twist etc.) Gustave Flaburet- Writer (Madame Bovary) Leo Tolstoy- Writer (War and Peace) Giacomo Puccini- Musician Umberto Giordano- Musician

41. New Physics: -- Science was based on hard facts and cold reason, 
​scientific discoveries in the later 19th and 20th C increased the uncertainty about the universe. Key scientists of the time were Marie Curie and Albert 
​Einstein  + Curie:: discovered element of radium found in an atom.  + Einstein:: published theory of relativity which stated that space and time are relative to the observer. 
​His theories included… matter is a form of energy, time 
​and space depend on matter and the atom contains vast 
​energies.

42. Social Darwinism and Racism: Darwin's theories were applied to human society by 
​naturalists and racists... examples: = Social progress: The “fit” advanced while weak declined, energetic and able do well and stupid and lazy 
​fail. = Nationalists: war is a biological necessity; war is the father of all things = Germany à Primary example, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, believed that modern day Germans were 
​only pure successors of Aryans. Chamberlain singled 
​out Jews as enemy of Aryan race.

43. Anti-Semitism and Zionism: Anti-Semitism- is hostility toward and discrimination against Jews. Jews are forced to live in ghettos; rights were 
​limited… but in the 19th Century Jews began to assimilate into cultures around them. 1880’s - 90’s à worst in Russia à Persecutions and pogroms (organized massacre) were widespread Many Jews migrated to US to escape this and others went 
​to Palestine in a Jewish nationalist movement called 
​Zionism. Palestine was not accepting of this since most were part of 
​the Ottoman Empire who opposed Jewish immigrants.

44. CULTURE: Painting à Impressionism and Postimpressionism, began in France ARTISTS: Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Vincent van Gogh, Pablo Picasso and Wassily Kandinsky. --Architecture à Functionalism; principle that buildings should be functional or useful. --Music à Similar to art by reflecting expression, not well embraced by most people.

45. Monet: Water Lilies Picasso: Seated Woman Renoir: Picking Flowers Van Gogh: Sunflowers

46. stop

47. Attachments New_England_s_Industrial_Revolution_.asf Decken weben.mp4 Factory_Work_.asf _i_The_Jungle___i__A_View_of_Industrial_America.asf The_Dawn_of_the_First_Industrial_Revolution.asf Iron Jawed Angels - Force Feeding Scene.mp4