Chapter 2

1. Chapter 2 “ Studying Geography Economics, and Citizenship

2. Studying Geography • A globe, a spherical scale model of the planet, became the most accurate way to show the earth. • Hemispheres divides the earth into “half Speres”. • Northern Hemisphere • Southern Hemisphere • Western Hemisphere • Eastern Hemisphere

3. Lesson 1 • Latitude: are imaginary lines that circle the earth parallel to the equator. • Longitude: are imaginary lines the circle the earth from North Pole to South Pole. (90 degrees north/latitude 90 N) • Prime Meridian : is 0 degrees longitude • Equator: is 0 degreess Latitude • Region: A broad geographic area

4. Lesson 1 • Projections: are a way of showing the round Earth on a plat map. • Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection: shows a realistic representation of continent’s sizes and shapes. • Mercator Projection: shows true direction and land shapes fairly accurately. • Robinson Projection: shows a truer picture of land sizes and shapes. North and South pole are distorted. • WinkelTripel Projection: most closely resembles the globes model.

5. Lesson 1 • Geographers use different maps: • Physical map: shows land and water feature • Political map: shows the names and borders of countries • Special-purpose map: shows themes or patterns such as climate, natural resources, or population • Scale: measures lines that shows the distance on a map. • Cardinal direction: North, South, East and West. • Symbol: a sign or image that stands for something else.

6. Lesson 1 • Choropleth: uses colors to show population density. • Migration: The movement of people from one place to another place to settle. • Culture: is the set of beliefs, behaviors, and traits shared by the members of a group.

7. Lesson 2 • In order to make goods and offer services, people need resources. 4 different resources needed. • Land: surface of the earth and it’s natural resources like minerals and water. • Labor: the ability of people to do work. • Capital: money and goods used to help people make or do things. • Entrepreneurship: the act of running a business and taking on the risks of business.

8. Lesson 2 • Supply and Demand: • Scarcity: the lack of resources • Supply is the amount of a good or service that a producer wants to sell. • Demand: is the amount of something that a consumer wants to buy. • Scarcity: the lack of resources • Opportunity Cost: something you give up to make it or buy it.

9. Lesson 2 • Traditional Economy: An economic system I which customs decides what people do, make, buy, and sell. • Command Economy: An Economic system in which a central government decides what goods will be made and who will receive them. • Recession: A period of slow economic growth of decline. • Inflation: A continued rise in prices or the supply of money.

10. Lesson 2 • Export: A good sent from one country to another in trade. • Import: a good brought into a country from another country. • Barter: to trade by exchanging one good or service for another. • Globalization: The growth in free trade between countries.

11. Lesson 3 • Representative Government: government in which citizens elect officials who govern. • Federal System: government which divides power between central and state governments. • Separation of Powers: the division of power among the branches of government • Checks and balances: system in which each branch of government limits the power of another branch

12. Lesson 3 • Legislative Branch: part of government that passes laws. • Executive Branch: part of government that enforces laws. • Judicial Branch: part of government that interprets laws. • All American have the right to seek life, liberty and happiness.

13. Lesson 3 • All Americans have the right to freedom and expression. • People who are accused of a crime have the right to receive a fair trial by a jury of their peers. • The end!