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WHEN TO PARAPHRASE

WHEN TO PARAPHRASE. 2).When should I paraphrase? Do you think that your reader will understand what the author wrote? 'Do you need to show the reader that you understand the author'? You should paraphrase for 2 reasons: The authors' words will be difficult for your reader to understand.

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WHEN TO PARAPHRASE

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  1. WHEN TO PARAPHRASE 2).When should I paraphrase?Do you think that your reader will understand what the author wrote?'Do you need to show the reader that you understand the author'?You should paraphrase for 2 reasons: • The authors' words will be difficult for your reader to understand. • Your reader is your teacher and your teacher wants to know if you understand the author correctly. Example According to Czinkota, Ronkainen & Moffett (2005), international business involves cross border transactions that seek to achieve the objectives of individuals, companies and governments

  2. WHEN TO SUMMARIZE 3). When should I summarize?You should summarize if: • Not all of the authors words are necessary; e.g. if the author gives examples or explanations that you don't need to put in your text. • If paraphrasing or quoting will make your text too long. Example International business or cross-border transactions occur in order to achieve the objectives of multiple parts – individuals, companies and governments (Czinkota, Ronkainen & Moffett, 2005).

  3. Author’s surname Comma , Initial Full stop . Year of publication (in brackets) Title of book in italics Full stop . Place of publication Colon ; Publisher Full stop . Cowley, S. (2004) Getting the Buggers to Think. London: Continuum Book Reference Example

  4. Journal Reference Example Author/s of article Year of journal it is in (in brackets) Article title in ‘single inverted commas’ Journal title in italics Full stop Volume Issue (in brackets) Page nos. Full stop Fuller, M., Bradley, A. & Healey, M. (2004) ‘Incorporating disabled students within an inclusive higher education environment’ Disability and Society: the Leading Journal in Disability Studies. 19 (5) pp.455-468.

  5. Author/s Year Title of article, ‘in single inverted commas’ Title of newspaper, in italics Full stop Page no/s URL, i.e. web address Date you accessed the article [in square brackets] Full stop Smithers, R. (2005) ‘Ex-Ofsted chief sparks new row’ Education Guardian. p.1. http://education.guardian.co.uk. [accessed 13 May, 2005]. Online News Article Example

  6. Website Homepage Example Organization Date (in brackets) Title of article, in ‘single inverted commas’ Title of page or section it is in in italics Full stop URL (i.e. web address) Date accessed [in square brackets] Full stop Buzan Centres (2004) ‘ Definition of Mind Maps: What is a Mind Map?’ Mind Maps. http://www.mindmap.com [accessed 29 July 2004].

  7. Examples • Chaffey, D.,Mayer, R., Johnstone, K., Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2003) Internet Marketing: Strategy, Implementation and Practice. 2nd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. • Forsyth, M. (2001) Lighting a 'Frugal Taper': Working-Class Women Poets 1830-1890:A Critical Anthology. PhD Thesis. University of Lancaster • Lascalles, D. ‘Oils troubled waters’ Financial Times. [CD ROM] 11 January 1995. p.18

  8. Reference List--Examples Blade Runner: The Director’s Cut. (1992) Directed by Ridley Scott. USA: Warner Bros. [DVD]. Bloggs, J. (03 August 2004) Harvard Referencing. [email to: Blah, R.] [Online] Available email: blahr@blah.ac.uk Buzan Centres (2004) ‘ Definition of Mind Maps: What is a Mind Map?’ Mind Maps. http://www.mindmap.com [accessed 29 July 2004]. Chaffey, D., Mayer, R., Johnstone, K., Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2003) Internet Marketing: Strategy, Implementation and Practice. 2nd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Chalmers, J. & Chaudhuri, U. (2004) ‘Sniff Art’ The Drama Review: the Journal of Performance Studies. Summer, pp. 7680.

  9. Reference List--Examples Lascalles, D. ‘Oils troubled waters’ Financial Times. [CD ROM] 11 January 1995. p.18. Leather, S. ‘Interview’ In: Six O’ Clock News. BBC1. 21 July 2004. 1800hrs. Messiah III. Episode 1. ‘The Promise’ BBC 1. 30 August 2004. 2100 hrs. Office for Standards in Education. (2002) Good Teaching, Effective Departments: Findings from a HMI Survey of Subject Teaching in Secondary Schools. HMI 337. London: OfSTED Publications. Rabikowska, M. (2004) ‘Eating Melon Over Shakespeare: or How to Teach Critical Thinking in Advertising’ Teaching for Learning in Post-Compulsory Education: Sharing Practice and Thinking. Centre for Learning and Teaching Research, Edge Hill College of Higher Education, Ormskirk, U.K. (23 January 2004). Reading With Colour: A Film About Meares-Irlen Syndrome. (2000) Essex: Sylva Productions in collaboration with University of Essex Visual Perception Unit [Video:VHS]. Smithers, R. (2005) ‘Ex-Ofsted chief sparks new row’ Education Guardian. p.1. http://education.guardian.co.uk [accessed 13 May, 2005].

  10. Write these references: • 1. ‘Global Change and Patterns of Death and Disease’ pp. 216-235, by Eyles, J. (2002) In Geographies of Global Change: Remapping the World. That’s edited by Johnston, R.J., Taylor, P.J. & Watts, M.J. (eds.) 2nd ed. printed in Oxford by Blackwell Publishing. • 2. http://education.guardian.co.uk, looked at it on 13 May, ‘Ex-Ofsted chief sparks new row’ Education Guardian by R.Smithers, (2005). p.1.

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