KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

1. KEY CONCEPTCarbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

2. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. • straight chain • branched chain • ring

3. Isomers • Isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula but a different Shape. • Remember – “ form determines function” – the shape of the molecule has everything to do with its function

4. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. • Monomers are the individual subunits. • Polymers are made of many monomers.

5. Biomolecules (continued) • Polymers – a large molecule that is made from smaller building blocks called monomers 1. Carbohydrates – polymer made from monomers called monosaccharides (simple sugars) 2. Proteins – polymer made from monomers called amino acids 3. Nucleic acids – polymer made from monomers called nucleotides

6. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Macromolecules – large biomolecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Nucleic acids 4. Lipids

7. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. In the ratio – CH2O • Monomer – monosaccharides – simple sugar - glucose

8. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. • Monosaccharides are simple sugars. • Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

9. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.

10. Biomolecules • Lipids – fats and oils – C, O, and much more H than carbohydrates – 2 unique properties 1. Not a polymer 2. Nonpolar – not soluble in water

11. Triglyceride • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. • Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. • Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

12. Lipids have several different functions. • broken down as a source of energy • make up cell membranes • used to make hormones – estrogen and testosterone

13. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. • saturated fatty acids • unsaturated fatty acids

14. Phospholipid • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. • Polar phosphate “head” • Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”

15. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • - Made of C, H, O, N, and some sulfur (S)

16. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

17. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

18. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. • Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. • Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

19. Biomolecules (cont.) • Protein uses a. Enzymes – controls the rate of chemical reactions b. Structure c. Blood – hemoglobin in red blood cells – carries oxygen d. Immunity – fights diseases e. Muscles - movement

20. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • Made of C, H, O, N, and P

21. nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

22. DNA RNA • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • DNA stores genetic information. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. • RNA builds proteins.

23. What’s in your food? http://www.il.mahidol.ac.th/course/respiration/Lesson3_menu.html

24. BENEDICT’S TEST for SIMPLE SUGARSColor varies from a green to brick-red precipitate depending on the amount and kind of sugar present. http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Laboratory/Chemical%20Composition%20of%2 0Cells/Chemical%20Composition%20of%20Cells.htm

25. BIURET’S TEST for PROTEINS Biuret solution – for proteins Color Indication Blue No protein or peptides Violet        Protein (complete product; one or more chains) Pink Peptides (two or more amino acids) http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Laboratory/Chemical%20Composition%20of%20Cells/ Chemical%20Composition%20of%20Cells.htm

26. IODINE TEST for STARCH Iodine turns BLUE-BLACK in the presenceof starch. http://faculty.ntcc.edu/mhearron/cell_chemistry.htm

27. SUDAN TEST(Lipids)Turns red inthe presence of lipids. POSITIVE SUDAN TEST http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Summaries/Macromol.html

28. PAPER BAG TEST for LIPIDS http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Laboratory/Chemical%20Composition%20of%2 0Cells/Chemical%20Composition%20of%20Cells.htm