Selecting, refining and Defining Research Problems

1. Selecting, refining and Defining Research Problems • Dr. NazikZakari Dr. Hanan A. Ezzat • Dr. Olfat Salem • Nursing Administration & Education Dept. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

2. Definitions • Research Topic: The broad general area expected to investigate. It is a broad idea or concept from which many problems may be delineated. • Research Problem: • Situasi atau keadaan yang membutuhkan solusi yang harusdideskripsikan, dijelaskan, atau diprediksi. Ini merupakansituasi yang tidak “memuaskan”yang ingin dijawab. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

3. Definitions • Jika ada kesenjangan pengetahuan di daerah yang perlu diselidiki, masalah penelitian mengidentifikasi kesenjangan ini. Dimana sebagai topik penelitian hanyalah sebuah wilayah yang luas dari MINAT, masalah penelitian mengidentifikasi apa yang bermasalah tentang topik itu. • Research Statement: A statement specifies exactly what is being studied. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

4. Definitions • Rumusanmasalahpenelitian (research statement) harusmencakupenamunsur: • Information about the research topic that provoked the study • The scope of the problem (e.g.. how many people are affected by it). • Why it is important to study the problem SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

5. Definitions • Rumusanmasalahpenelitian (research statement) harusmencakupenamunsur: • How nursing science would be influenced by the study • General characteristics of the population of interest • The overall goal or aim of the study or the question to be answered. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

6. ContohRumusanMasalahpenelitian Kebisingan yang berbahaya merupakan masalah kesehatan kerja penting karena dapat menyebabkan gangguan pendengaran dan dapat menyebabkan peningkatan stres dan efek fisiologis lain yang merugikan......... Lebih dari 30 juta pekerja yang terkena kebisingan berbahaya inipada pekerjaan ........ Penggunaan alat perlindungan pendengaran, khususnya telinga-busi dikenal untuk mengurangi paparan kebisingan dan mencegah ketulianyang disebabkan gangguan pendengaran ............ ada, namun relatif sedikit peneliti yang telah meneliti faktor yang berhubungan dengan rendahnyapenggunaan alatpelindungpendengaran oleh pekerja. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

7. Research Purpose • It is the specific aim or goal hope to be accomplished. It reflects “ why the problem is being studied” • ContohrumusanTujuanPenelitian: • Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji hubungan antara kepuasan kerja perawat dan kecenderungan untuk pindahkerja. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

8. Research Question It is a direct rewording of the statement of the purpose phrased interrogatively rather than declaratively • Questions that are simple and direct invite an answer and help to focus attention on the kinds of data needed to provide that answer. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

9. Research Question Example of a research question: • What is the relationship between the nurses’ job satisfaction and their tendency to leave the work setting? SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

10. Sources of research problems • Where do ideas for research problems come from? • Social issues • Ideas from external sources • Research priorities • Clinical experience • Nursing literature SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

11. PerumusanMasalahpenelitian • Step 1: Selection of the research topic: • write down general areas of interest • At this stage, it doesn’t matter if the terms used are broad or specific, abstract or concrete., The important point is to put ideas on papers. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

12. PerumusanMasalahpenelitian • Step 1: Selection of the research topic: • Then a list of ideas can be classified into Interesting topics. • Familiar topics. • Perplexing topics • Feasible/not feasible topics • And then, choose the most suitable one to work in SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

13. PerumusanMasalahpenelitian Step 2: Contemplating the ideas : then explore the phenomena by examining the following eight areas • The topic’s, situation’s problem’s precipitating factors. • How it is exactly viewed or perceived by the researcher. • What are the responses of others who are involved in the situation? • The personal involvement in the situation. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

14. PerumusanMasalahpenelitian • Step 2: Contemplating the ideas : • Emotions felt. • Values and biases inherent in or related to the topic/situation. • Risk factors associated with searching this topic/situation/problem. • What contribution the research would offer. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

15. PerumusanMasalahpenelitian Step 3: Narrowing the topic • Once a research topic has been specified and contemplate, the researcher must then narrow it down in order to develop a research problem. • This is done through generating questions from the research topic. • List of questions can be developed from the research topic, and then investigated in relation to its feasibility to research. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

16. PerumusanMasalahpenelitian • Reviewing the related literature at this stage may throw light on: • Theoretical framework. • Methodology. • Data collection methods. • Data collection tools SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

17. PerumusanMasalahpenelitian • Data collection techniques. • Sampling method…etc. • Review of literature will also help to identify what is known and what is not known about the research problem. Therefore, the research problem could be specified and stated at this point. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

18. PerumusanMasalahpenelitian Step 5: Writing the statement of the research problem : • Expressed in a statement • This statement serves as a guide to the researcher in the course of designing the study. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

19. PerumusanMasalahpenelitian • Step 5: Writing the statement : The problem statement should have the following characteristics: • Identify the key variables in the study. • Express a relationship between two or more variables. (If not descriptive). • Specify the study population. • Imply the type of the research. • Identify the study setting. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

20. PerumusanMasalahpenelitian • The problem statement could be done in two forms: • Declarative: “The relationship between the nurses’ job satisfaction and tendency to leave work” • Interrogative: “ Is there a relationship between the nurses’ job satisfaction and tendency to leave work?” SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

21. Evaluation of the research problem • Time: enough time will be available for the various steps of the research. • Timing :When the timing requirement of a task do not match • Money : the researcher should ask the following questions: • Will I have enough money to complete this research? • Will be any sources for funding the research? • Does the anticipated cost outweigh the value of the expected findings? SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

22. PerumusanMasalahpenelitian • Availability of research participants: • Ethical consideration • Facilities and equipment • Co operation of the others • Researchability • Qualifications and experience of the researcher • Significance of the problem SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

23. HIPOTESIS • It is the research’s prediction of the outcome of the research study. That is the expected relationship between the study variables. • Thus, RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS translates the research purpose into a clear prediction of the expected results or outcome of the study SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

24. HIPOTESIS Importance of R.H.: • It provides direction for the type of research (i.e. design, sampling, data collection .. etc.). • Suggests the type of statistical analysis to be used in the study. • Identifies the variables to be manipulated and/or measured SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

25. HIPOTESIS How to state a R.H.: • Research hypothesis should be stated clearly, concisely, measurably, and in the present tense. • For a hypothesis to be stated clearly, concisely, and measurably, three criteria should be considered: SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

26. HIPOTESIS Three criteria should be considered: • A relationship should be addressed in each hypothesis. • The variable/condition/relationship must be testable or measurable. • The aim of the research guides what is included in the research hypothesis. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

27. HIPOTESIS • When the research aim is to describe, the R.H. will include the target population and study variables. • When the research aim is to explore, the R.H. makes prediction about population and the relationship among study variables. • When the research aim is to predict, the R.H. concentrates on the population and independent variables. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

28. Simple It predicts the relationship o\between one independent variable and one dependent variable. Example: Newborns of smoking mothers (I.V) have lower birth weight (D.V.) than those of non-smoking mothers. Lower levels of exercise postpartum (I.V) will be associated with greater weight retention (D.V ) HIPOTESIS Types of hypothesis SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

29. Complex It predicts the relationship between 2 or more I.V. and 2 or more D.V. Example: Structured preoperative support (IV).is more effective in reducing surgical patient’s perception of pain (D.V) and request of analgesics (D.V) than structured post operative support (i.v.) HIPOTESIS Types of hypothesis SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

30. Associative It predicts an association between the I.V. and the D.V. without specifying either a directional or causal relation. Example: Maternal age (I.V.) is associated with pregnancy complications (D.V) HIPOTESIS SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

31. HIPOTESIS Causal • It predicts a cause-and effect relationship between the I.V. and D.V. Example: • Older mothers (I.V.) give birth to newborns with lover age (D.V.) than those of younger mother (I.V) SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

32. HIPOTESIS • Hipotesis Null • It predicts no relationship between I.V. and D.V. • It is used when statistical testing procedures are applied to the data. Example: • There is no relationship between maternal smoking and newborn’s birth weight. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎

33. HIPOTESIS • Alternative • It is the opposite of the null hypothesis. So, it predicts a relationship between the I.V. and D.V. Example: • All the previous examples are alternative hypotheses. SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt‎