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Memory Encoding, Storage, & Retrieval

Memory Encoding, Storage, & Retrieval. October 5 th. Human Memory. 3 processes involved: Encoding : Storage : Computer analogy Retrieval :. Encoding: Getting Information Into Memory. Attention: Focusing awareness Selective attention =

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Memory Encoding, Storage, & Retrieval

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  1. MemoryEncoding, Storage, & Retrieval October 5th

  2. Human Memory • 3 processes involved: • Encoding: • Storage: • Computer analogy • Retrieval:

  3. Encoding: Getting Information Into Memory • Attention: • Focusing awareness • Selective attention = • Filtering: evidence for both early and late filters • Divided attn: memory will not be as strong

  4. Models of selective attention

  5. Levels of Processing: Craik and Lockhart (1972) • AKA: Depth of Processing • Incoming info processed at different levels • 3 levels: shallow, intermediate, deep • Deeper processing = • Encoding levels for verbal info (Craik & Tulving, 1975): • Structural = • Phonemic = • Semantic =

  6. Levels-of-processing theory

  7. Retention at three levels of encoding

  8. Storage:Maintaining Information in Memory • Analogy: information storage in computers ~ information storage in human memory • Information processing theories like the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model • 3 Parts to Memory: • Sensory Memory: • Short-term Memory: • Long-term Memory:

  9. The Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory storage

  10. Sensory Memory • Brief preservation of information in original sensory form • Auditory/Visual – • Sparklers

  11. Short Term Memory (STM) • Limited capacity: • Chunking – grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit (so 7 ±2 still applies) • Limited duration – • Rehearsal –

  12. Baddeley’s Working Memory Model • Working Memory: • 4-part system: • Central Executive: • Phonological Loop: • Visuo-spatial sketch-pad: • Episodic buffer:

  13. Long-Term Memory:Unlimited Capacity? • Permanent storage? • Flashbulb memories • Recall through hypnosis • “repressed memories”

  14. Loftus & Palmer (1974) • How fast were the cars going when they _______ each other? • Contacted • Hit • Bumped • Collided into • Smashed into

  15. Retrieval:Getting Information Out of Memory • Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon – failure in retrieval • Retrieval cues… the first letter of the word… • Recalling an event • Context cues… remember elementary school? • Reconstructing memories

  16. Forgetting: When Memory Lapses • Retention – • Recall: • Recognition: • Relearning: • Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve • Important Dead dude, studied his own memory for nonsense syllables • Plotted the now famous forgetting curve

  17. Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve for nonsense syllables

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