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Logos /Evidence and Reasoning. Evidence: the supporting materials speakers use to support their ideas. Examples: specific instances used to illustrate a concept, experience, issue, or problem. Types of Examples. Brief Detailed Real Hypothetical. Criteria to Decide When to Use an Example.
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Evidence: the supporting materials speakers use to support their ideas.
Examples: specific instances used to illustrate a concept, experience, issue, or problem.
Types of Examples • Brief • Detailed • Real • Hypothetical
Criteria to Decide When to Use an Example • Use examples to clarify concepts • Use examples to reinforce points • Use examples to bring concepts to life or to elicit emotions • Use examples to build your case to make credible generalizations
Using Examples Effectively • Is the example relevant? • Are the hypothetical examples ethical? • Are there enough examples to support your claim? • Have you accounted for the counterexamples? • Is the example appropriate for my audience?
Narrative: a story that recreates or foretells real or hypothetical events.
Types of Narratives • Brief • Extended
Criteria to Decide When to Use a Narrative • Use to personalize a point • Use to challenge an audience to think in new ways • Use to draw an audience in emotionally • Use to unite the speaker and the audience
Tips for Using Narratives Effectively • Does it make a specific point? • Is the length appropriate? • Is the language vivid and the delivery appropriate? • Is the story appropriate for the audience?
Statistics: numerical summaries of facts, figures, and research findings.
Types of Statistics • Mean: tells the average of a group of numbers. • Median: the middle number in a series or set of numbers arranged in a ranked order.
Types of Statistics • Mode: the number that occurs most often in a set of numbers.
Guidelines to Consider When Using Statistics • Use to synthesize large amounts of information • Use when the numbers tell a powerful story • Use when numerical evidence strengthens a claim
Tips for Using Statistics Effectively • Evaluate statistics carefully • Use statistics sparingly
Testimony: usedwhen you use the opinions or observations of others.
Two Different Forms of Testimony • Direct quotation • Paraphrase
Types of Testimony • Expert: when you use the testimony of someone considered an authority in a particular field. • Peer: when you use testimony of someone who has firsthand knowledge of a topic.
Types of Testimony • Personal: when you use your own testimony to convey your point.
Criteria for Using Testimony in a Speech • Use when you need the voice of an expert • Use to illustrate differences or agreements • Use your own testimony when your experience says it best • Paraphrase testimony to improve listenability
Guidelines for Using Testimony Effectively • Is the source of your testimony credible? • Is the testimony biased? • Have you paraphrased accurately? • Is the testimony connected to your point?
Definition: a statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase.
Definitions • Denotative definition: the objective definition you would find in the dictionary. • Connotative definition: the subjective meaning of a word or phrase based on personal experiences and beliefs.
Criteria for Using Definitions in a Speech • Use to clarify and create understanding • Use to clarify an emotionally or politically charged word • Use definitions to trace the history of a word
Tips for Using Definitions Effectively • Is the source of the definition credible? • Have you avoided proper meaning superstition? • Have you actually defined the term?
