European Imperialism

1. imperialismdefinition A policy (plan or course of action) of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

3. European Imperialism India and East Asia

4. Continent of Asia

5. Ancient India Major religion : Hinduism

6. Mughul Empire (Muslim) 1526 AD-late1700s Muslim minority rules over Hindu majority population.

7. Images of India

15. Hindu Caste System • Brahmin- priests and teachers • Ksatriyas- warriors and rulers • Vaisyas- farmers, merchants (businessmen), artisans (skilled workers) • Sudras- laborers, servants • Dalits- “untouchables” polluted, unclean laborers.

16. Colonizing India: How Britain Took Over • The British East India Company established and led British trade in India. • Became most powerful corporation in the world.

17. Fragmentation of India • Disunion after the decline of the Mughal Empire. • Many different ethnicities, religions, and languages. • British took advantage by encouraging competition and disunity between rival princes. • British superior weapons could overpower local rulers who chose to rebel.

18. Impact of the British East India Company • Introduction of British education and law. • Christian missionaries allowed to roam India. • British law meant to end Hindu religious caste system. • Sepoys

19. Who were the Sepoys? • Sepoys, the name for Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company. • Later they would serve in the British Army.

20. Religious Oppression • Some Hindu customs banned in favor of equality of women. • Hindus viewed British laws as a Christian conspiracy.

21. The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) • Sepoy troops were told to bite off tips of cartridges before loading into rifles. • Cartridges were greased with cow or pig fat. Cows sacred for Hindus and pigs forbidden by Muslims. • Troops who refused the order to load the rifles were imprisoned.

23. Sepoys rose up against British officers. • Sepoy rebellion spread across central and eastern India. • Some incidents of massacre of British men, women, and children.

25. British Army Crush the Rebellion • British Army defeated the Sepoys. • British killed thousands of unarmed Indians, burned villages. • Led to fear and hatred on both sides.

26. The British Raj • Sepoy Rebellion helped to end East India Company Rule. • British Parliament created the British Raj in India. • Headed by British Viceroy, the royal governor of India. • British officials held the top positions in the civil service (government jobs).

28. India incorporated into overall British economy. Helped to modernize India. Creation of a railway and road system. Brought textile industry to India. Farming changed to produce cash crops. Deforestation a result. Population growth led to famine. Legal system, general peace to the region, and sense of greater Indian national unity. Impact of British Governing of India

29. Views on Culture Change • Upper-class Indians began to change attitudes toward their own religion and accept Western ideals and customs. • People in the West exposed to religious spirituality of the East.

30. Ram Mohun Roy • Leading Indian scholar of the early 1800s. • Felt India could learn from the West and established English language schools all over India. • Condemned some Hindu caste system traditions, especially those that he felt unfairly treated women. • Set up educational societies that promoted pride in Indian culture.

31. Trade surplus exists when your country has exported more goods than imported. Trade deficit exists when your country has imported more goods than exported. Trade Surplus vs. Trade Deficit

32. China Enjoys Trade Surplus • Tea, spices, and other native products were shipped to the European powers who were in a trade deficit with China. • European powers needed an opening to gain easy access to products. • Drug trade becomes the key.

33. The Opium War • British begin trading opium for tea. • The Chinese population becomes addicted to opium. • The country’s addiction leads to silver flowing out of the country disrupting the Chinese economy.

34. War breaks out between Britain and China in 1840 when China insists that opium importation end and the British refuse. • The British with superior navy and weapons defeat the Chinese.

35. Unequal Treaty • British gain island of Hong Kong. • Britain receives huge indemnity (financial payment) for war losses. • China forced to open 5 ports to trade. • Extraterritorality- British citizens have the right to live in China under their own laws. • Chinese must allow Christian missionaries to preach in China.

36. Taiping Rebellion • Qing imperial dynasty in decline. • Extravagant imperial court, tax evasion by the rich, widespread government corruption. • Peasant rebellion breaks out in 1864.

37. Peasant rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan. • Taiping Rebellion lasted 14 years, from 1850-1864. • Qing dynasty survived but at a cost. • Had to share power with regional commanders and Russia seizes territory in northern China. • Estimated 20-30 million Chinese perished during the rebellion.

38. “Self Strengthening Movement” in China • In the 1860s some Western reforms were made having to do with industry and weapon advancement. • Confucianism considered the state religion in China. • Very important to keep the ancient traditions.

39. Sino-Japanese War 1894 • Japan and its modern army joined the Western imperialists to compete for global empire. • Went to war with China. • Japan gained the island of Taiwan and controlled politics in Korea.

40. Spheres of Influence • “Spheres of influence” in China. • Britain, Japan, Russia, and other nations leased territories to control economic development and trade. • U.S. worried it would be locked out of Chinese trade possibilities, especially Manchuria in Northern China.

42. Open Door Policy • 1899, U.S. President McKinley and his Secretary of State John Hay proposes the “Open Door” policy. • All nations should be allowed to trade with China. • Hay sent a note stating lease-holding nations should not discriminate against nations wanting to do business with China directly.

43. 100 Days of Reform • 1898, young emperor Guang Xu, set to modernize Chinese government and encourage new industry. • Chinese conservatives against reforms. • Guang Xu imprisoned and replaced by his mother Empress Ci Xi. • Reformers fled.

44. The Boxer Rebellion • Many secret Chinese societies disgusted with foreign control and Christian influences. • A secret society called the Boxers (translation- “righteous harmonious fists”) rebelled in 1900. • The Boxers laid siege to foreign embassies in Beijing. • 200 foreigners killed and others held hostage.

46. Multinational military force arrived in Beijing that included American Marines ended the rebellion. • U.S. Secretary of State Hay convinced nations not to retaliate. • China would have to compensate European powers financially. • China not broken up into colonies as a result and America retained trade with China.