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Geography

Geography. Graduation Project. Raw-Material oriented. Industry. Sugar Milling. Introduction Raw-material oriented Industry. - Raw-material oriented industries are those industries that are having their locations stuck close to source of raw materials.

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Geography

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  1. Geography Graduation Project

  2. Raw-Material oriented Industry Sugar Milling

  3. IntroductionRaw-material oriented Industry - Raw-material oriented industries are those industries that are having their locations stuck close to source of raw materials. - Sugar milling is one of the examples of raw-material oriented industries. This slideshow will be talking about the following points: • Features of RM-O industries. • Case study – Sugar Milling

  4. Features of RM-O industries • RM-OI usually refers to industries which initially process scattered natural resources • Material Index > 1 (weight-losing) • Affected by • nature of RM • Fragility • Perishability • Value

  5. Material Index is calculated by • (Total weight of localized RM used) • ------------------------------------------------ • (Weight of finished products)

  6. Weight-losing industry • Sugar Milling Industry is a weight-losing industry, 7 tonnes of cane are needed for produce 1 tonnes of raw sugar • MI= 7

  7. Fragility • ↑fragile RM = ↑RM-O • ∵too difficult or expensive to transport • ↑transport cost • E.g. Saw mill found near forest

  8. Perishability • ↑perishable RM= ↑ RM-O • ∵can keep the products in fresh state • E.g. Fruit-canning Vegetables Milk

  9. Value • ↓RM value = ↑RM-O • ∵↓value ≠worth to transport the cheap RM • E.g. • Aluminium Production

  10. Case Study – Sugar Milling • Queensland in Australia (Coastal) Along the 2100km of tropical and sub-tropical coast, there are 8000 cane farms and 34 sugar mills

  11. What are the RMs?.? • Cane (甘蔗) Sugar mills tend to locate near cane growing districts, why? To be discussed……..^.^

  12. Requirements for growing cane • Alluvial flats, particularly those with deep and well drained soils of volcanic origin • Completely frost-free conditions • Mean monthly temperature should not fall below about 18℃ • Annual Rainfall >1000mm (optimum > 2000mm) • However, a slightly drier period is required (for the canes to be sweetened), but should still be at least 75mm per month. • Conclusion: • Hot • Wet • Flat land • Deep soils • =River valleys along the coast of Queensland and far Northern NSW

  13. 1 month later Why cane is a decisive factor? • Cane is burnt to remove weeds and leaves (to make cutting easier) • Crops must be removed to the mill without delaying to avoid fermentation(發酵) of the juices in the cane stalk(莖) • Hence, long distance haulage, stopovers(中途停留) while in transit and trans-shipment must be avoided • Perishable

  14. Transport Cost • Farmers find it unprofitable to be more than 65 km from the mills

  15. Bulky and cumbersome(笨重) crop of low specific value (low value per unit weight) • Difficult and costly to transport • E.g. average yield = 84 tonnes per hectare • Only 2.5 tonnes per hectare of wheat and most other cereals. • Therefore, KEEP THE HAUL as SHORT as possible!!! • Mills should locate in the midst of their assigned cane areas • 34 mills scattered along the sugar coast are joined to their 8000 cane farm suppliers by some 3200 km of light railways

  16. Sugar milling consists of a few relatively simple processes. First, the weighed cane is crushed between giant rollers to extract the juice from the stalk. Then, the impurities in the juice are removed by a cleaning process.

  17. Third, the cleaned juice is concentrated into sugar crystals by a series of boiling and spinning processes. Finally, the crystals are dried in large revolving drums.

  18. That’s all for our presentation • Thank You~~>3< • T.T’’ • ^(00)^ • >w<

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