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General Pathology

This article provides an introduction to the pathology of cellular organelles, focusing on the secretory process and its disorders. It covers topics such as the components and functions of the nucleus, cytoplasmic organelles, and plasma membranes. It also discusses neoplasia, the functions of the cytoplasm, and the role of organelles in secretion. Additionally, it explores exocytosis and its disorders, secretion types, and secretion disorders. The article concludes with a discussion on the membrane components of secretory granules and vesicles.

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General Pathology

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  1. General Pathology Pathology of Organels – Introduction The Secretory Process and Its Disorders Jaroslava Dušková Inst. Pathol. ,1st Med. Faculty, Charles Univ. Praguehttp://www1.lf1.cuni.cz/~jdusk/

  2. The Cell Components &Their Function • nucleus(incl. nucleolus and nuclear envelope) • cytoplasm • cytoplasmic matrix • cytoplasmic organelles • plasma membranes

  3. The Cell Components &Their Function The nucleus (incl. nucleolus and nuclear envelope) chromosomes DNA, RNA, histones

  4. The Cell Components &Their Function The nucleusfunctions • cell division • genetic information transcription & control

  5. Neoplasia (Tumour) • DNA disease • Stepwise accumulation of genetic abnormalities • Escapeof immunological clearing systems

  6. ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex lysosomes peroxisomes mitochondria cytoskeleton caveolae vaults The Cell Components &Their Function The cytoplasm (cytosol) cytoplasmic matrix cytoplasmic organelles

  7. The Cell Components &Their Function The cytoplasm (cytosol)aqueous solution with enzymes

  8. The Cell Components &Their Function The cytoplasm function • proteosynthesis (in coop. with organelles) • storage unit (fat, carbohydrates and secretory vesicles)

  9. ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex lysosomes peroxisomes mitochondria cytoskeleton caveolae vaults The Cell Components &Their Function The cytoplasm - cytoplasmic organelles

  10. The Cytoplasmic Organelles Functions (1)

  11. The Cytoplasmic Organelles Functions (2)

  12. Peroxisomes - microbodiesup to 2 microns - catalase Function Degradation: substrate oxidation (etanol) Anabolism: synthesis of prostaglandin , cholesterol, billiary acids, plasmalogens, gluconeogenesis, transamination

  13. The Cytoplasmic Organelles Functions (3)

  14. The Cell Components &Their Function Theplasma membranes • cell surrounding • organelles enclosing – bilayer of lipids and proteins

  15. Organelles Involved in Secretion • membrane type • maternal origin (ovum cytoplasm) • autoreplicative • granular (rough) endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi apparatus • lysosomes

  16. Exocytosis and Its Disorders protein secretion on the granular endoplasmic reticulum cis Golgi network trans Golgi network (signal molecules attachment) Golgi Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosomes

  17. Secretion • exocrine (apical pole of the cell lumen, duct) • endocrine (basal pole of the cell blood) • paracrine influencing neighbouring cells • autocrine self influencing

  18. Secretion • continual - permanent - unregulated • pulsatory - regulated

  19. Secretion • continual - permanent • unregulated vesicle transport • protocolagen, proteoglycans, viral particles Targetting: immunoglobulins without and after stimulation

  20. Secretion • pulsatory - regulated • exocrine mucin or zymogen granules secretion • endocrine cells • neurons • T-lymphocytes • heparinocytes • thrombocytes • granulocytes • endothelia membrane budding coating proteins

  21. Secretion Disorders defects of synthesis • product itself • auxilliary proteins retention in GER (inborn endoplasmic reticulum storage diseases) hyaline droplets (Russel bodies)

  22. Neuroendocrine Secretion • dense core granules • secretory vesicles (small synaptic vesicles)

  23. Neuroendocrine Secretion Disorders defects of synthesis • product itself • auxilliary proteins regulation disorders on the receptor level

  24. Membrane Componentsof Secretory Granules and Vesicles • Synaptophysin (synaptic vesicle protein) • Neuron Specific Enolase • S-100 protein identification of neuroendocrine neoplasms

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