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From the Global to the National and Local

From the Global to the National and Local. National Trends and Differences in Income Across Regions At the State Level At the County Level within a State At the level of Census Tracts within a region Distributional Issues Class, Race, Education Shifts over time

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From the Global to the National and Local

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  1. From the Global to the National and Local National Trends and Differences in Income Across Regions At the State Level At the County Level within a State At the level of Census Tracts within a region Distributional Issues Class, Race, Education Shifts over time Why are there these differences?

  2. Index of Personal Income by State Relative to U.S. Many more diamonds above principal diagonal than below it, indicating income convergence

  3. A clear trend towards more states with convergence

  4. A more mixed picture….

  5. U.S. Changing Shares of Personal Income

  6. National Level Patterns of Convergence in the U.S. 1. Increasing access to nonearnings income programs over time (Social security, changing welfare, medicaid/medicare, unemployment compensation)Multiplier Effects 2. Convergence in industrial structures (Mfg. Decline in share of work force, increase in services) 3. Impact of redistribution of manufacturing

  7. Labor Market Adjustment Model North D S Migration implied South to North. Implies Shorter Labor Supply in South Driving up Wages. Implies More Labor Supply in North Driving down wages South S D S D D S QSouth QNorth • Some historic evidence for this model – US internal migration • Counter evidence too

  8. Forces Shrinking the Middle Class Globalization processes, taking away middle class manufacturing jobs More part time work The flood of baby-boomers onto the job market, including increasing labor force participation rates by females Federal tax policies Other?

  9. Family Earnings by Educational Attainment, 1996

  10. Summary: What Factors Produce these Highly Divergent Economic Outcomes? Focussing on theories related to trade and distribution help answer this question Focussing on theories of manufacturing location and organization help too. But we do not know altogether as to how and why these differences arise locally, nationally, and globally. We do know that one of the central concerns of policy makers at all spatial scales is to remedy patterns of inequality--but in doing so we usually enter the world of politics.

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