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The Emergence of Rome. Greek Culture Borrowed. Greeks arrive in large #’s during colonization (750-550 B.C.) Planned permanent communities Secured coastal plains for agriculture Built walled cities with harbors for trade Alphabet, art, sculpture, architecture and literature. Geography.
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Greek Culture Borrowed • Greeks arrive in large #’s during colonization • (750-550 B.C.) • Planned permanent communities • Secured coastal plains for agriculture • Built walled cities with harbors for trade • Alphabet, art, sculpture, architecture and literature
Geography • Apennine Mountains divided east from west • Fertile plains • Po Valley in north • Latium which Rome was built on • Campania to the south • Peninsula • Tiber River • Surrounded by islands • Corsica • Sardinia • Sicily
The Etruscans • City-dwellers who fortified their cities and placed them in commanding positions • Origins unclear but expanded in 650 B.C. • Came in contact with Greek colonists in 6th century B.C. • By 400 B.C. had been invaded by Gauls and then conquered by Romans • Rome was their most famous creation
Transition from Monarchy to Republic • Under the Etruscans the rulers has been monarchs • Romans consider the end of monarchy and Etruscan rule to coincide with the rape of Lucretia (likely a myth) • Noble Roman woman raped by son of a king • Committed suicide rather than be example of non-virtuous Roman • In revenge, Romans drove Etruscan king out of Rome and set up a Republic
The Roman Republic 509-44 B.C. Political Forum Death of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
Political Institutions • Two Consuls • Praetors (Judges) • Dictator • Aediles (Grain supply) • Censors • Senate: advisory only to the magistrate • Assembly of aristocrats
Social Organizations • Family basis of Roman Society • Paterfamilias • Clients (worked around the home, performed military service, voted for patron: all in return for $) • Patricians: Wealthy, land-owning, aristocrats, who served in gov’t. and received special rights • Plebeians: Typically poorer, a much larger class who did no possess the same rights as Patricians (could vote but not serve in gov’t.)
Internal Social Struggles • Plebeians wanted political equality and right of intermarriage • Plebeians withdrew from the state • Patricians needed them so set up Twelve Tables • This eventually led to more equality and the allowance of intermarriage
Conquest of Italy • Romans felt they were surrounded by enemies • They were constantly attacked and involved in war for their first hundred years • They began defeating all of the peoples around them
Roman Diplomacy • Romans were very good diplomats • After conquering their neighbors, they were made citizens or promised the right to become citizens if behaved as allies • All conquered states had to supply Rome with military
Romans Build Roads for Communication • Romans settled in newly conquered areas creating communities • Built roads between colonial conquests to maintain communication
Punic Wars • Carthage controlled coast of N. Africa, Corsica, Sardinia, W. Sicily, and Southern Spain • Italy feared their desires for the Italian coast • First Punic War 264-241 B.C. • Second Punic War 218-201 B.C. • Third Punic War 149-146 B.C.
First Punic War • Italy attempted to gain control of all of Sicily • Carthage fought back, believing Sicily was in their “sphere of influence” • Rome quickly organized a naval fleet, believing it to be there only chance • Carthage had trouble getting mercenaries • Carthage gave up Sicily and paid a fee • Three years later, Rome took Sardinia & Corsica • Hamilcar vowed revenge
Second Punic War • Carthage rebuilt and focused on Spain • Carthage and Rome had agreed to split Spain • Rome began making alliances with the Carthaginian parts of Spain angering Carthage and Hannibal (Hamilcar’s son) • Hannibal decided to fight this war on Roman soil
Hannibal • Hannibal won many battles • He had 30-40,000 men • He had 6000 elephants and horses and crossed through the Alps
Scipio Africanus the Elder • Scipio focused on Spain and regaining control • Scipio, actually too young to be named commander of Roman army in Spain, but brilliant general • He pushed from Spain back to Carthage • This forced Carthaginians to recall Hannibal from Rome • Scipio defeated Hannibal at Battle of Zama
2nd War Peace Treaty • Carthaginians lost Spain which became another Roman province • Had to pay an indemnity • Could not go to war without Rome’s permission • Rome was now dominant power in Mediterranean!
Third Punic War • Many Romans called for complete destruction of Carthage • Carthage broke peace treaty by going to war with a Rome’s N. African allies that had been encroaching on Carthage • Rome, led by Scipio Africanus the Younger, destroyed Carthage for good
Religion & Philosophy in the Republic • The gods and goddesses were borrowed from Greece, though renamed • (Greco-Roman Religion) • Religious festivals played a big part in Rome • Stoicism: Most popular; Happiness through virtue • Epicureanism: Pursuit of happiness, through personal pleasure, should be only motivating source
Education • Private education provided by family • Boys • Farming • Military and physical training • Traditions of the state • Public Affairs • Girls • Care for the family • Upper-class boys and girls were to read • Later learning Greek Rhetoric became highly valued
Family & Women • Dominant male (Paterfamilias) • Romans believed women were weak and needed male guardians • Male could sell or kill his children • Father arranged marriage for daughters (12-14 yrs. Old) • Women appreciated as enjoyable and center of household social life– different from Athens • Women shopped and visited in public but could not participate in politics
Result of Punic Wars—Decline of Roman Values • Conquered peoples had to pay taxes and were enslaved • Politicians more concerned with getting rich (from taxes) than governing • Latifundias took over small farms • No work on farms so people moved to cities which became highly corrupt • Gap between rich and poor expanded (95-98% poor) • Reasons for the change? • Defeat of Carthage, now no enemies • Affluence changed people
Slavery • Slavery a result of Punic Wars • Romans had more slaves and relied on slave labor more than any other society • Many worked on the “latifundia” (large farming estates) • “It is cheaper to work the slaves to death and replace them than treat them well.” ~Cato the Elder • Total # of slaves estimates between ¼ - ½ of free people • Constant fear of revolt
Social, Political, and Economic Problems Arise (133-31 B.C.) • Senate now had most control • Advice to Consuls now had weight of law • Landowners had fought in wars • Wars lasted so long their land had been over-run or taken (to become part of large latifundia) by the time they returned • Need to make $ caused many landless to move to cities (mostly Rome) • Not a lot of work so cities very unstable with potential for much trouble in depressed times
Reforms of Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus • Tiberius believes major problem for Rome is lack of small farmers due to latifundia • He went around the Senate and had law passed by Council of the Plebs • Latifundias were to be divided among the landless citizens • Senators (many latifundia owners) were furious and killed Tiberius
Enter Gaius • Gaius continues brother’s push for redistribution of land • Gaius found support from others against the senate • The senate however became fearful of his popularity and killed him and many of his followers
Marius Changes Senates Power • Rome was fighting a war in Africa and losing • Marius, assistant to the General, disagreed with way the Senate and General were running the war • He returned to Rome and ran for Consul with slogan, “Win the War” • Council of Plebs voted to give Marius command of army • Generals no longer had to be loyal to the senate
Marius’s New Army • He wins the war in Africa • He is named consul for 5 years, 104-100 B.C. • Raises a new army type of army to defeat a new enemy, the Celts • Opened army to non-landholders • They swore an oath to the General, not the senate • Now a professional army not subject to the state • Generals promised land to vets so generals had to play politics to get this land • Soldiers more loyal to general than state
“Rome was now Italy, and Italy Rome” • Italian Allies fought Rome for citizenship (90-88 B.C.) • They finally won • Now huge influx of new voters into the assemblies, giving power to the populous
Sulla • Consul in 88 B.C. and led many winning military campaigns • 82 B.C. Marched his army on Rome, defeating Marius • Marius for the populous, Sulla for the Aristocrats • Insisted he be named Dictator to restore Republic • Conducted reign of terror to wipe out opposition • Then restored power to the senate, eliminated power of the tribunes and plebeian councils • Sulla dies in 79 B.C. leaving a power vacuum
Death of the Republic • For next fifty years, Rome faced power struggle and resulting civil wars • Crassus & Pompey • Both had fought for Sulla • Personal enemies • Recognized their power if joined forces • Returned power to the populous
Caesar • Caesar was a great general • He gained popularity by appealing to the populous • The senate feared his power and tried to prevent his political power • He made a coalition called the First Triumvirate: Caesar, Pompey & Crassus • The First Triumvirate is powerful and successful
“Hail Caesar!” • Crassus dies in battle • Caesar is seen as a threat by the senate because he is too powerful, they now favor Pompey • Caesar takes his army and “crosses the Rubicon” to fight Pompey– Caesar wins • In 44 B.C. he is made dictator for life
Rise of Octavian • Caesar is assassinated! • The Second Triumvirate is formed: Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus • Lepidus is pushed aside • The Empire is divided: Octavian the west and Mark Antony the east
