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CANNABIS, STIMULANTS & HALLUCINOGENICS EMCDDA Annual Report 2009

CANNABIS, STIMULANTS & HALLUCINOGENICS EMCDDA Annual Report 2009. Prof. dr. Dirk J. Korf University of Amsterdam Bonger Institute of Criminology EMCDDA, SC-Meeting Lisbon, 16-17 November 2009. General Impressions. Systematic per substance Supply and market Prevalence and patterns

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CANNABIS, STIMULANTS & HALLUCINOGENICS EMCDDA Annual Report 2009

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  1. CANNABIS, STIMULANTS & HALLUCINOGENICSEMCDDA Annual Report 2009 Prof. dr. Dirk J. Korf University of Amsterdam Bonger Institute of Criminology EMCDDA, SC-Meeting Lisbon, 16-17 November 2009

  2. General Impressions • Systematic per substance • Supply and market • Prevalence and patterns • Trends in prevalence • Treatment • + topical per substance • Well-balanced: general patterns and trends + examples and ‘outliers’

  3. Estimated number of users: Last Year

  4. Hallucinogenic substances:Lowest Life Time Prevalence

  5. Geographical Patterns Among 15-34 years • 2 countries LOW overall • Romania, Greece • 1 country most often HIGH • UK • 6 countries in MIDDLE RANGE overall • Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, Luxemburg, Slovenia • 5 countries largely in MIDDLE RANGE • Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden

  6. Striking Differences Between Neighbour Countries Among 15-34 years Baltic countries • Estonia & Lativa HIGH on XTC & amphetamines • Lithuania: LOW on XTC Bulgaria & Romania • MEDIUM vs. overall LOW

  7. Variation in Stimulant Type Within Countries (p. 62)

  8. SURPRISE, SURPRISE • 24% of primary cannabis users entering outpatient treatment are occasional users. • High discontinuation rate among cocaine users • Sweden highest % amphetamine clients in treatment, but not high prevalence country.

  9. DEMAND • Much data on demographics • Profile quitters? • Reasons for non-use? • Reasons for quitting? • Attitudes? • Trends • Diverging trends behind general trend or pattern? (gender, ethnicity, urban-rural) • Do country figures represent different stages in epidemic? • Do data allow for evaluation of policy responses?

  10. TREATMENT • Shifts in client population? • To which extent can increase in proportion of cannabis clients explained by declining number of traditional client populations? (e.g. heroin clients) • Why only Treatment in Cannabis Chapter, and no Harm reduction?

  11. SUPPLY • Data largely from law enforcement • In general: more seizures, smaller amounts • Why? • Little about effectiveness or consequences • Price, purity • In NL middle level prices up, retail stable (p.62) • Market organisation and structure • Only new trafficking routes mentioned • Vs. evidence-based orientation with regard to treatment • No profile of arrestees (vs. client profiles in treatment sections).

  12. CHALLENGES • How to improve data on supply? • Update gender gap? • What can be learned from downward trends in prevalence? • general: Espad • specific: UK • Exploring ‘strange’ differences between neighbour countries

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