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Topic 2 – Transportation and the Spatial Structure

Topic 2 – Transportation and the Spatial Structure. Historical Geography of Transportation Transport and Spatial Organization Transport and Location Future Transportation. A – Historical Geography of Transportation I. 1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s)

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Topic 2 – Transportation and the Spatial Structure

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  1. Topic 2 – Transportation and the Spatial Structure Historical Geography of Transportation Transport and Spatial Organization Transport and Location Future Transportation

  2. A – Historical Geography of Transportation I 1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s) 2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870) 3. Emergence of Modern Transportation Systems (1870-1920)

  3. Transport Revolutions in Human History

  4. 1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s) • Limited transport technology • No mechanized forms of transportation. • High friction of distance. • Harnessing animal labor and wind. • Isolation and limited long distance trade. • Existing long distance trade: • Reliance on maritime and fluvial transportation. • High value commodities along established trade routes(e.g. Silk Road). • Transportation and empire building • Roman Empire (road network, 80,000 kilometers, 200 AD). • Chinese Empire (canal system, 2,500 kilometers).

  5. The Silk Road and Arab Sea Routes (8th to 14th Centuries)

  6. Roman Road Network, 200 AD Atlantic Ocean Black Sea Adriatic Sea Mediterranean Ocean Red Sea 500 km

  7. Grand Canal System, China Beijing • The Grand Canal • Achievement of Imperial hydrological engineering. • First segments completed around 602 AD (Sui Dynasty). • At its peak during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 AD). • Totaled about 2,500 kilometers, 1,700 still in use today. • Grain distribution through the empire, notably its capitals. Tonghui Canal (Yuan) Yellow Sea Yongji Canal (Sui and Yuan) Old course of the Yellow River (Song) Jiao-Lai Canal (Yuan) Jizhou Canal (Yuan) Yongji Canal (Sui) Jizhou East China Sea Tongji Canal (Sui) Luoyang Kaifeng Huaiyin Bian Canal (Song) Chuzhou Yangzhou Canal (Song and Yuan) Yangzhou Jiangnan Canal (Sui, Song and Yuan) Suzhou 400 km Hangzhou

  8. 1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s) • European expansion • Mastery of sailing and artillery. • Eastern trade route: • Discovered by Portugal. • Cape of good hope reached by 1481. • Gama (1497-99) first to reach India. • China reached by 1513. • Western trade route: • Discovered by Columbus (1492). • Failed to reach Asia (America discovered). • Cabot tried (1497), but also failed. • Magellan (1519-22) successful to round the world. • Establishment of colonial empires.

  9. Early European Maritime Expeditions, 1492-1522

  10. Caravel, 15th Century

  11. Dutch East India Company, Trade Network, 17th Century

  12. Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century

  13. 2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870) • Mechanization of transportation • Steam engine (as a water pump). • First steamship on the Delaware river (1790). • Eventually lead to the development of railways. • Regular maritime routes • Notably over the North Atlantic (Europe – North America). • The era of clipper ships: • Fast cargo ships used for intercontinental trade (Asia, Europe, America). • The emergence of the steamship: • Savannah (first to cross the Atlantic in 1820). • Great Britain (first steel and helix propelled ship, 1844). • Accurate navigation charts (1850s): • Prevailing winds and sea current used to the advantage of navigation.

  14. Clipper Ship “Flying Cloud”

  15. An Early Steamship, “The Great Britain”, 1845

  16. Impacts of Maury’s Navigation Charts on Sailing Time, 1850s

  17. Break-Even Distance between Sail and Steam, 1850-1890

  18. World Trade Routes, 1912

  19. Liner Transatlantic Crossing Times, 1838 – 1952 (in days)

  20. 2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870) • Land transport systems • Serious problems of land transportation. • Roads were commonly unpaved and could not be used to effectively carry heavy loads. • Attempts to develop toll road systems (Turnpikes in UK). • Freight shipping canals • Bridgewater Canal, Britain (1761). • Erie Canal, New York (1825). • Linking different segments of fluvial systems into a comprehensive waterway system. • Fluvial barges. • Lowered significantly land transport costs. • Permitted initial industrialization.

  21. Turnpikes in Great Britain, Late 18th and Early 19th Century

  22. Mail Coach, Great Britain, 18th Century

  23. Bridgewater Canal, Manchester, 1767

  24. Erie Canal, New York, 1829

  25. 2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870) • Railway systems • First commercial rail line in 1830 (Manchester-Liverpool; 40 miles). • Access to national resources and markets: • The triumph of inland transportation. • First urban systems. • End of the canal era: • Many canals fell into disrepair. • Unable to compete with the speed and flexibility of rail. • Only the most strategic links were kept. • From a point-to-point to an integrated rail system: • Large companies. • Standard gauge. • Standard times zones (1884)

  26. Completion of the Transcontinental Railway, 1869

  27. 3. Emergence of Modern Transportation Systems (1870-1920) • Growth of international transportation • Shift from coal to oil in ships: • Reduce their energy consumption by a factor of 90%. • Increase in ship size (no longer limited by wood). • Construction of the Suez and Panama canals. • Dominance of the rail transport system • By the early 20th century, most systems reached their peak. • Overinvestment and over development. • A phase of decline then began.

  28. Rail Track Mileage, United States, 1833-2006

  29. Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals

  30. Effects of the Suez and Panama Canals on Travel Distances (in nautical miles)

  31. 3. Emergence of Modern Transportation Systems (1870-1920) • Modern urban transportation • Increase in urban population. • Introduction of tramways (1880; horse drawn, and then electric). • Urban sprawl and the specialization of economic functions. • Underground metro systems in large cities (London, 1863). • Bicycle (1867); cheap mobility for the masses. • Modern telecommunications • Telegraph (1844). • Associated with the growth of railways and international shipping. • Business transactions became more efficient. • Creation of standard times zones (1884). • Every continent was linked by telegraphic lines (1895).

  32. Global Telegraph System, c1901 (the Victorian Internet)

  33. A – Historical Evolution of Transportation II 1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970) 2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-)

  34. 1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970) • Internal combustion engine • Diesel engine (1885). • Extended flexibility of movements. • Fast, inexpensive and ubiquitous transport modes (cars, buses and truck). • Mass production system • Applied by Ford for car manufacturing. • Ford Model T: about 14 million Ford Model T were built (1913-1927). • Increased demand for oil products and other raw materials (steel and rubber).

  35. Assembly Line of the Ford Model T, 1913

  36. Ford T Coupelet, 1915

  37. Cost and Production of Ford Vehicles, 1908-1924

  38. 1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970) • Economies of scale • Mass consumption of resources. • Bulk commodities such as minerals and grain over long distances. • Oil Tankers. • Propelled flight • Wright brothers (1903). • Commercial air transport service between England and France (1919). • Expansion of regional / national air transport services (1920s-1930s). • Douglas DC-3 (1935). • First commercial jet plane (Boeing 707; 1958).

  39. Comparison between a Contemporary and Second World War Tanker Modern VLCC (305 m) 1975 1942 T2 Tanker (153 m)

  40. ULCC, Persian Gulf

  41. Wright Brothers First Airplane, 1903

  42. Douglas DC-3, 1937

  43. Boeing 707, 1958

  44. 1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970) • Telecommunications • Mass market media. • Telephone (1878). • Radio (1920): • First radio shows: to sell radios. • Television (1950). • Automobile • Massive diffusion (1950s). • Greater customization of vehicles. • Suburbanization and expansion of cities.

  45. 2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-) • Telecommunications • Merging with information technologies. • Information highway (Internet). • Growth in processing power of computers: • Moore’s law. • Number of transistors per integrated circuit would double every 18 months. • Satellite communications. • Wireless networks.

  46. Moore’s Law: Transistors per Microprocessor, 1971-2008

  47. US Household Penetration of Telecommunications, 1920-2008

  48. 2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-) • Globalization of trade • Fragmentation of the production. • International division of labor. • The principle of “just-in-time”. • Development of logistics. • Containerization • Increased flexibility of freight transport. • First containership, Ideal-X (1956). • Cellular containerships (1967). • Massification of air transport • Boeing 747 (1969).

  49. Cellular Containership, La Havre, France

  50. Boeing 747

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