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Understanding Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis: Energy Production and Protein Structures

This comprehensive overview explores the intricate processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, emphasizing their roles in energy production within cells. It delves into protein structures, including primary, secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), and quaternary formations, highlighting the significance of conjugated, globular, and fibrous proteins. The overview also covers enzymes as biological catalysts, competitive inhibitors like Prontosil, and the detailed steps of glycolysis alongside oxidation and reduction reactions in energy conversion. Understanding these concepts is essential for grasping how cells function and sustain life.

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Understanding Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis: Energy Production and Protein Structures

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  1. Topic 8 : Cell respiration and Photosynthesis AND OPTION C: Cells and Energy C1: Proteins

  2. C.1.1:Primary Structure

  3. C.1.1: Secondary Structures Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet

  4. protein ribbonprotein ribbon

  5. 7.5.1: Quaternary Structure

  6. C.1.1: Conjugated Protein

  7. C.1.2

  8. C.1.2: Globular Protein

  9. C.1.2:Fibrous Protein

  10. C.1.3 Polar Amino Acid

  11. C.1.3: Non-polar amino acids

  12. C.1.3

  13. C.1.3

  14. C.1.3

  15. C.1.4: Functions of proteins (other than membrane proteins)

  16. C2: Enzymes

  17. C.2.1

  18. C.2.2

  19. C.2.3

  20. C.2.4

  21. C.2.4

  22. Prontosil is a competitive inhibitor that is used as an antibiotic because it inhibits folic acid synthesis in bacteria. Nerve gases like Sarin function by inactivating the enzyme ethanoyl (acetyl) cholinesterase.

  23. C.2.5

  24. 7.6.5

  25. C3, 8.1: Cellular Respiration

  26. C.3.1, 8.1.1:Oxidation/Reduction STATE: oxidation involves the gain of oxygen reduction involves the loss of oxygen

  27. C.3.1, 8.1.1: Oxidation/Reduction STATE: oxidation involves loss of electrons reduction involves gain of electrons

  28. C.3.1, 8.1.1:Oxidation/Reduction STATE: oxidation involves loosing hydrogen reduction involves gaining hydrogen

  29. C.3.1, OiLRiG ???????( OiLRiG only applies to electrons and hydrogen)

  30. (Aerobic)Cellular Respiration Formula GLUCOSE + OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O

  31. C.3.2, 8.1.2: Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation

  32. 8.1.2: Glycolysis

  33. Adenosine triphosphate

  34. NAD: Electron CarrierNAD+ = oxidised form NADH + H + = reduced form NAD+ + 2H → NADH + H+

  35. 2 2 Oxidation of triose phosphate Reduction of NAD + to NADH + H + 2 2 Pyruvate Pyruvate

  36. From one glucose molecule in glycolysis: 2 x ATP (net) 2 X (NADH + H+) 2 X pyruvate

  37. IB Question: Outline the process of glycolysis. [5] occurs in cytoplasm; hexose is phosphorylated using ATP; hexose phosphate is split into two triose phosphates; oxidation by removal of hydrogen; (do not accept hydrogen ions/protons) conversion of NAD to NADH (+H+); net gain of two ATP / two ATP used and four ATP produced; pyruvate produced at the end of glycolysis; [5 max] Accept glucose/fructose/6C sugar instead of hexose. Accept 3C sugar/glyceraldehyde instead of triose.

  38. NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD A co-enzyme is a non-proteinchemical compound that is loosely bound to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity.

  39. C.3.3, 8.1.3: Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondria as seen in electron micrographs

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