LINKERS

1. LINKERS Expressing coordination = e, ed AND I enjoystudying English andGerman. = così come AS WELL AS I enjoystudying English aswellasGerman. BOTH …… AND …….. = sia… sia…, sia… che… Both science subjectsandforeignlanguages are important.

2. LINKERS Expressing alternatives OR = o, oppure I amnotsurewhether I prefer English orMaths. EITHER…… OR……. = o…. o….. Ifyoustudy science subjects, youwillbecomeeither a scientistor an engineer. = né…. né….. NEITHER…… NOR……. Neitherhistory teachers nor shop assistants have to know chemistry.

3. LINKERS Expressing contrast BUT = ma Science subjects are interesting but foreign languages are more useful. HOWEVER = tuttavia Science subjects are interesting. However, foreignlanguages are more useful. ON THE OTHER HAND = d’altra parte I intend to study Biology at university. On the other hand, I would also like to improve my English. It can be preceded by ON THE ONE HAND. WHILE WHEREAS = mentre You can learn foreign languages by watching films, while you have to spend ages on books to learn science subjects.

4. LINKERS Expressing contrast EVEN THOUGH + clause ALTHOUGH THOUGH = sebbene, nonostante, malgrado, anche se AlthoughI did not like science subjects, I was quite good at them. + noun DESPITE IN SPITE OF + ING form = nonostante, malgrado Despitemy strict teacher, I got good marks in Biology. + adjective HOWEVER = per quanto Howeverhard you try, you will never be able to speak English with a native accent.

5. LINKERS Expressing consequence SO = così, quindi You need to know English in any job, soI think it is more useful than science subjects. THEREFORE CONSEQUENTLY AS A RESULT FOR THIS / THAT REASON = di conseguenza, pertanto formal You need to know English in any job. ThereforeI think it is more useful than science subjects.

6. LINKERS Expressing cause BECAUSE = perché You should study science subjects at university because it is really hard to find a job with a degree in languages. AS SINCE = poiché, siccome Asit is really hard to find a job with a degree in languages, you should study science subjects at university. Becauseit is really hard to find a job with a degree in languages, you should study science subjects at university. You can only start a sentence with BECAUSE… … when it is an answer to a WHY question.

7. LINKERS Adding information IN ADDITION MOREOVER = inoltre FURTHERMORE English is important for your job. In additon, it is useful when you travel as a tourist.

8. As / Since …………. he had lost his wallet, he couldn’t pay the bill. So / Therefore / As a result / Consequently The festival was very crowded. ………………………………. theyhad to queue up to buy fish and chips. Although/Though/ Even though ………………… I don’t like meat, I tried Martha’s lamb chops. neither nor The service at the restaurant was ………… good ……………. fast. We’ll go to another restaurant next time. Despite / In spite of ………………………..…the horrible weather, we really had a good time in Rome. However This is a difficult dish to cook. …………… , I’d like to try to do it. On the one hand this restaurant offers a wide choice, but ……………………….. it is too far from where we live. on the other hand However ..................... nice it may taste, I could never eat haggis.

9. WRITING – PART 2 Part 2 will always have three different tasks. You will have to choose one. Tasks may be: a letter / email an article a review a story You should choose the task you feel more confident with. 140-190 words

10. for an English-language magazine or website aimed at teenagers WRITING – PART 2 a story Example You have seen this announcement in an English-language magazine for young people. We are looking for stories for our new English-language magazine for young people. Your story must begin with this sentence: I was expecting to have a very quiet day, but it turned out to be exactly the opposite. Your story must include: • a robbery • a phone call 140-190 words Write your story.

11. WRITING – PART 2 a letter / email to a friend to a school principal Example to a newspaper editor You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend: Can you help me with a class project? I have to write about places which are special to people. Can you tell me about a place that is special to you? Where is it? What does it look like? It doesn’t have to be a famous place. Just explain why it’s important to you. Write soon, Sam Write your letter. 140-190 words

12. for an English-language magazine aimed at teenagers. WRITING – PART 2 an article Example You see this announcement in an English-language magazine: Articles wanted! We’re looking for articles about unusual objects. Have you, or a member of your family, ever owned an unusual object? Tell us about it – describe the object and explain why it’s so unusual. The best articles will be published in our next issue. Write your article. 140-190 words

13. about a film about a holiday WRITING – PART 2 a review about a place about a website Example about a product You see this advert in an international fashion magazine: Reviews wanted Teenage clothes shop We are looking for reviews of a clothes shop for teenagers where you live. Your review should include information about what the shop looks like, the kind of clothes it sells and the shop assistants. Would you recommend this shop to other people your age? The best reviews will be published in next month’s magazine. Write your review. 140-190 words

14. SPEAKING – PART 4 Do you think reading is a less important skill than it used to be? Is it better to read a printed book or read a book on an electronic device? Why? How do you decide which books or magazines you’re going to read? What books would you recommend to people of your age? Which do you prefer – reading a book or watching a film? Why? When and where are you most likely to spend time reading?