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Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution. Chaos in Russia. Tsar finally attempted to join the 20 th century Rapid industrialization (disaster) Urban overcrowding Poor conditions No running water Human waste, disease, health threats By 1904, 16 people in 1 apt, 6 per room Workers protests, strike.

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Russian Revolution

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  1. Russian Revolution

  2. Chaos in Russia • Tsar finally attempted to join the 20th century • Rapid industrialization (disaster) • Urban overcrowding • Poor conditions • No running water • Human waste, disease, health threats • By 1904, 16 people in 1 apt, 6 per room • Workers protests, strike

  3. Your New Roomie…

  4. Chaos in Russia: The War • Russia was dragged into WWI by Serbia and the Entente (with France) • Russia mobilized 1st, Nicholas may have caused the war? Aug. 1914, the 1st fateful steps towards war…

  5. Chaos in Russia • War added more chaos • Conscription (skilled workers gone) • Factories now made war supplies • Replaced workers with unskilled peasants • Soldiers suffered: lack of equipment, food, protection from cold • Famine from poor railway system, workers abandoned cities looking for food.

  6. Lost Battles • 1914 Battle of Tannenberg, DISASTER • 30,000 Russians killed or wounded, 90,000 POWs • Ger. Army superior, better led, trained, supplied, effective (ill-equipped Russians) • 1916, Russia lost 1.6-1.8 million soldiers • 2 million POW, 1 million missing • Soldiers hungry, no shoes, weapons, munitions, discontent, low morale. • Failure in Gallipoli (Turkey)

  7. As the Crowd Turns… • Russians began to turn against the Tsar. What a moron!!

  8. revolution • A sudden, forceful overturn ofestablished cultural, political, social, and economicinstitutions, usuallyaccompanied byviolence, and theirsubstitution withnew institutions • American Revolution • French Revolution

  9. February Revolution • March 1917 (Gregorian calendar) • 1st of 2 revolutions • Spontaneously broke out, no leadership in place • Chaos in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) • Guards couldn’t suppress this • Military mutiny • Tsar taken into custody • Collapse of Imperial Russia • End of Romanov Dynasty

  10. Next time have a “Summer” Revolution

  11. February Revolution • 1) Russian Provisional Government • 12 members of Duma assumed control, formed new govt (Georgy Lvov) • 2) Bolsheviks: radical socialist faction • Soviet Worker’s Council, (Soviets) • Trotsky, Lenin • 3) Mensheviks: socialist faction

  12. LEON TROTSKY 1879 – 1940 • Лев Давидович Троцький (Lev Davidovich Trotsky) • 2nd (after Lenin) • Born Jewish, Intl Education, Intellectual • Trotskyism: his theory of permanent revolution • After Bloody Sunday (1905), stayed underground, writer, fled to Finland • Comm. of Red Army, Major figure in Revolution, Politburo

  13. 1918 Bolshevik propagandaposter depicting Trotsky as St. George slaying the reactionary dragon.

  14. Russian Provisional Govt • Dual power, Provisional Government had state power • Bolsheviks (socialists) had allegiance of lower-class • Initially Bolsheviks permitted the new govt to rule…BUT… • Army still in mutiny • Chaotic period, frequent mutinies, strikes. • Bolsheviks formed factory workers into Red Guard (Army)

  15. Russian Provisional Govt Provisional Government saidcontinue WWI Bolsheviks said end the war

  16. Russian Revolution • Lenin said “Imperialism is responsible for the war” • Taught the economic theories of Karl Marx • “Unlimited competition for expanding markets would lead to a global conflict.” Eng econ. John A Hobson • “Wasn’t Russia’s war. Banking interests capitalist-imperialist powers orchestrated the war.” Lenin

  17. October Revolution • November 7, 1917 • Great October Socialist Revolution, Red October or the Bolshevik Revolution,October Coup, Uprising of 25th, • Bolshevik Party, Vladimir Lenin • Bolshevik Soviet Workers’ Party (Red Guards) • Overthrew the Provisional Government in Petrograd, took over govt buildings, captured the Winter Palace

  18. October Revolution • Not universally recognized outside of Petrograd • Russian Civil War (1917-1922) • Red Army: Bolsheviks • White Army: bring back a Tsar! • Bolsheviks win • Peasants seized and redistributed land

  19. VladimirLenin (1870-1924) • Revolutionary, Speaker, Politician, Writer • Born Christian, Highly Educated (Elite) • Wife: Nadezhda Krupskaya, no children • Had been in exile, Switzerland • Wrote his famous April Theses • (his program for Bolshevik Party)

  20. Russian Crisis Olga, Tatianna, Maria, Anastasia, Alexei Lenin (Bolsheviks) 1917 Nicholas II forced to step down 1 year later, secretly executed by Lenin July 16-17?, 1918 Tsar, Tsarina, all their family, including gravely ill Alexei, family servants, executed by firing squad in basement of Ipatiev House (imprisoned) (tried to hid jewels in clothing, did not die right away)

  21. Olga, Tatianna, Maria, Anastasia, Alexei Russian Crisis • Bodies stripped, clothing burnt, thrown into mine-shaft • Later retrieved, faces smashed, bodies dismembered, disfigured with sulphuric acid, hurriedly buried under train cars • 2 of the children were missing (Anastasia, Alexis). • (His Ch. reported the unmarked grave found 1990s, Russians were lied to 1917-1991) • Video: Anastasia 1 • ,

  22. Did Anastasia Survive? Did Anastasia survive? Presumed executed July 17, 1918 (17 years old) Did jewels in vest bounce bullets back? Years later “Anna Anderson” claimed to be Anastasia. (on QE2 cruise line) DNA tests (1991) she was not Some supporters rejected these tests

  23. “Peace, Bread, and Land”

  24. “Peace, Bread, Land…and Giants”

  25. Decree on Peace • Withdrawal from WWI • Opened negotiations with Central Powers • Germany demanded high price for peace • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Russia surrendered territories*, Poland, Baltic Provinces, Ukraine, Finland, Caucasia • *Lenin approved Treaty (upset many!) • Took Russia out of war, March 3, 1918 • Allies upset: Russians seen as enemy for making secret peace treaty with Germany • *Stalin will get them back…

  26. Decree on Land • Peasants divide rural land among themselves (take by forceful from wealthy)

  27. Workers’ Decree • Min. wage, limitations on workers’ hours, factories run by workers’ committees. • Hammer & Sickle flag: represents an alliance of workers

  28. 100 Other Decrees • Outlined the Bolshevik govt & new Soviet institutions • Decree to: shut down other social-political groups • Decree on: Press, 8-hour work day, State Commission on Enlightenment, Abolishing Classes and Civil Ranks, Courts, Supreme Economic Council, Nationalization of the Banks, Clock change • Decree to Free Narnia

  29. NEP: New Economic Policy • Lenin’s idea to save the economy from collapse • Allowed some private ventures, small businesses, shops • State controlled banks, foreign trade, and large industries. • Farmers gave government a specified amount of raw agricultural product as a tax. • War Communism: to remove the free market • Trotsky & Stalin differed on NEP program

  30. World Recognition (or not) • Lenin died from a stroke, 1924 • America would NOT recognize the new Russian government until 1933. • Europe recognized the USSR in early 1920s, once NEP (New Economic Policy) was established • Boris Gudz, last survivor of the revolution, died Dec. 2006, age of 104

  31. USSR BEGINS • 1922-1991Soviet Union est. • 1924 St. Petersburg (Leningrad) • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) • Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (CCCP)

  32. Commie-Speak Karl Marx • 1818–1883, Karl Marx (Idea Man) • Marxism • German philosopher, political economist, historian, communist revolutionary • Marx’s family was Jewish, Father was a lawyer, converted to Lutheranism, Karl was baptized at age six. • Privately educated 1830-1835 Trier High School, expelled, enrolled in Univ. of Bonn (17) studies philosophy & literature (his father insisted on law) • Joined the Trier Tavern Club drinking club (LandsmannschaftderTreveraner) became president. Grades dropped!

  33. Commie-Speak Karl Marx • Karl Marx married Jenny von Westphalen (daughter of a Prussian baron) June 19, 1843 • Had 7 children, only 3 survived to adulthood (fathered a son by his housekeeper) • 1848 lived in Paris (witnessed mini revolutions), 1849 moved back to Cologne, Germany and started the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. • Charged 2x with incitement to armed rebellion. Both times he was acquitted. • The paper was soon suppressed and Marx returned to Paris, but was forced out again. This time he sought refuge in London.

  34. Commie-Speak Karl Marx • Marx’s major source of income was from the support of Friedrich Engels (German businessman in Britain) • He also wrote articles for the NY Daily Tribune and radical news in Paris and Germany. • Jenny died December 1881, Marx was in ill health (bronchitis) died in London March 14, 1883 (stateless, poor), 11 people came to his funeral. His tombstone reads “Workers of the Lands Unite.” • Developed Communist theory, Co-The Communist Manifesto (1848), & Das Kapital

  35. Commie-Speak Karl Marx • Communism: • Socio-economic structure, promotes the est. of an egalitarian (gender, racially equal), classless, stateless society based on common ownership of the means of production and property in general • The working class (Prols) must replace the wealthy ruling class (Bourg) in order to establish a peaceful, free society, without classes, or government. • Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism, Trotskyism

  36. Communist Manifesto • 1. No ownership of property; all rents for public purposes • 2. Heavy tax (progressive or graduated income) • 3. No right to inherit • 4. All rebels, immigrants lose property

  37. Communist Manifesto • 5. Credit in the hands of the state • 6. Centralize communication and transportation • 7. Factories, production owned by the State; soil, waste land also • 8. All labor equal; industrial armies of workers (farmers, factories)

  38. Communist Manifesto • 9. Combine agriculture with manufacturing (agri-business?), no difference between city and country, equal pop dist. • 10. Free education

  39. Commie-Speak • Proletariat (Prol) Latin: “offspring” • Term used to identify lower social class • Once was derogatory, those who had no wealth • Karl Marx uses this term for working class • Marxist Theory: class of society that does not have ownership of means of production, wage-workers (salaries, salariat)

  40. Commie-Speak • Bourgeoisie: (upper, merchant class) • Social class, whose status or power comes from employment, education, and wealth (not aristocratic) WASPS • Social, economic control • Petite Bourgeoisie: class below, self-employed, or small # of employees

  41. Marxist Theory • Bourgeoisie “new ruling class” Capitalism • Own means of production • (land, factories, offices, capital, resources) • means of coercion (armed forces, prison systems, court systems) • Enables employment, exploitation of mass of wage workers • (working class-have no other livelihood than to sell their labor to property owners)

  42. Commie-Speak • Bourgeoisie v. Proletariat • Occupy conflicting positions • Factory workers want wages as high as possible • Owners want wages (costs) as low as possible. • Undercover Boss

  43. Germany Austria, sickle, hammer? Russia

  44. Pavel Tschesnokoff, Salvation is created, underground anthem of Russian Church around Russian Rev, not played much past 1917 supported the Tsar in repressing the poor

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