The EPC System: Ubiquitous Automatic Identification Sanjay Sarma, MIT

1. The EPC System:Ubiquitous Automatic Identification Sanjay Sarma, MIT

2. goals of this talk • RFID introduction • Auto-ID Center strategy • Research here and away

3. outline • RFID and the Auto-ID Center • A peek at some research issues

4. Part I Outline • What and why of RFID • The cost issue • Manufacturing low-cost RFID • Handling the data • Current status

5. RFID System

6. RFID

7. RFID-Handbook "Radio-Frequency Identification: Fundamentals and Applications " 1st edition, Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-471-98851-0) RFID Example

8. example rfid applications • Security and Access Control • Control access to restricted areas, vehicle immobilization systems, theft prediction/detection • Supply chain applications • Asset tracking, reduce out of stocks, reduce inventory, reduce bull-whip effect, speed up delivery, check freshness, track and trace, produce to demand, identify sources of diversion, identify counterfeiting, theft prediction, faster recalls • Consumer applications • Direct order from home, smart appliances, (e.g. microwave, washing machine, refrigerator), smart healthcare, assisted living • New and less expected applications • Customized products, smart recycling, checkout-less stores

9. outline • What and why RFID • The cost issue • Manufacturing low-cost RFID • Handling the data • Current status

10. reduce functionality (Networking & software) reduce chip size (handle small chips) why is rfid expensive today? greater functionality increased chip size

11. 01. 203D2A. 916E8B. 8719BAE03C Header 8 bits Serial Number 40 bits Product 24 bits Manufacturer 24 bits context-aware router context-aware router context-aware router context-aware router context-aware router context-aware router context-aware router context-aware router context-aware router context-aware router context-aware router sensor sensor sensor sensor the hypothesis or bet • Place unique number on tag • Electronic Product Code, EPC • 64 bit, 96 bit, and upwards • Develop manufacturing technology for small chips and tags • Move data on the network • Network service for resolving EPC • Network architecture for gathering and routing data

12. outline • What and why RFID • The cost issue • Manufacturing low-cost RFID in Silicon • Handling the data • Current status

13. IC IC Design Design $X Million $X Million 1-2¢ 20¢ 1¢ 20¢ 5¢ 1¢ 5¢ 1¢ Billions Number of tags Low cost RFID End Antenna Antenna/IC IC Conversion users Manufacture Assembly Manufacture to Package

14. Challenges of IC minimalism • 0.25 mm2: does it make life tougher? • …….. • Street width will dominate • Still have to test the IC’s (?) • Die handling costs are high • Die-attach/wire-bonding techniques do not scale • Street width will dominate • Still have to test the IC’s (?) • Die handling costs are high • Street width will dominate • Still have to test the IC’s (?) • Die handling costs are high • Street width will dominate • Still have to test the IC’s (?) • Die handling costs are high • Street width will dominate • Still have to test the IC’s (?) • Die handling costs are high • Street width will dominate • Still have to test the IC’s (?) • Die handling costs are high

15. 1-2¢ 20¢ 1¢ 20¢ 5¢ 1¢ 1¢ 5¢ low cost rfid challenges Antenna Antenna/IC IC Conversion Manufacture Assembly Manufacture to Package

16. Testing • Economics today: • $500 - $1000 per wafer • But minimal functionality means • High reliability • Don’t test on wafer • Test wirelessly at conversion

17. Slicing and Dicing • Standard saw-dicing wasteful • Instead, use separationby thinning C. Landesberger, S. Scherbaum, G. Schwinn, H. Spöhrle: “New Process Scheme for Wafer Thinning and Stress-free Separation of Ultra Thin IC’s,” Proceedings of Microsystems Technologies 2001, Mesago, Stuttgart, pp. 431-436, 2001.

18. 20¢ 20¢ 5¢ 5¢ low cost rfid challenges Antenna Antenna/IC IC Conversion Manufacture Assembly Manufacture to Package 1-2¢ 1¢ 1¢ 1¢

19. Antenna • Screen printing • Etching • Forming M. Feil, C. Adler, G. Klink & M. König: “Interconnection Techniques for Ultra Thin ICs and MEMS Elements”, Proceedings of Microsystems Technologies 2001, Mesago, Stuttgart, pp. 437-442, 2001.

20. 1-2¢ 20¢ 1¢ 20¢ 5¢ 1¢ 1¢ 5¢ low cost rfid challenges Antenna Antenna/IC IC Conversion Manufacture Assembly Manufacture to Package

21. Assembly • Fluidic Self Assembly • Vibratory Assembly • Pick and place A. Verma, M. Hadley, H. Yeh and J. Smith: “Fluidic Self-Assembly of Silicon Microstructures”, 0569-5503/95/0000-1263, IEEE. 1995.

22. vibratory Assembly Chip Assembly Chip Design Antenna Manufacturing Label / Tag Manufacturing End User Wafer Treatment Silicon Manufacturing Inlet Assembly Label Converting Orientation Check Courtesy Philips

23. vibratory assembly Chip Assembly Chip Design Antenna Manufacturing Label / Tag Manufacturing End User Wafer Treatment Silicon Manufacturing Inlet Assembly Label Converting Vacuum cylinder CourtesyPhilips

24. 20¢ 20¢ 5¢ 5¢ low cost rfid challenges Antenna Antenna/IC IC Conversion Manufacture Assembly Manufacture to Package 1-2¢ 1¢ 1¢ 1¢

25. software hardware paper conversion • Paper/package/label industry expertise • Scales well with mass production • Capital equipment expenditure

26. outline • What and why RFID • The cost issue • Manufacturing low-cost RFID • Handling the data • Current status

27. Local network Data Processing Reader 01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C Local database Tag Architecture: Local Reader

28. ONS PML Server 18.72.100.100 Internet <PML> <TIME=2000.4.28:10:05.05HRS> <EPC= 01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C> <TEMPERATURE=15 DEG C> </EPC> </TIME> </PML> XQL PML Data Processing 18.72.100.100 <PML> … … ... <MaximumTempearture> 40 DEG C </MaximumTempearture> <MinimumTemperature> 5 DEG C </MinimumTempearture></PML> Architecture: Global Local system 01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C???? Local network Reader Reader 01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C Local database Quality control specialist

29. Temperature OK ONS PML Server 18.72.100.100 Internet <PML> <TIME=2000.4.28:10:05.05HRS> <EPC= 01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C> <TEMPERATURE=15 DEG C> </EPC> </TIME> </PML> XQL PML Data Processing Reader Reader Local system 18.72.100.100 <PML> … … ... <MaximumTempearture>40 DEG C </MaximumTempearture> <MinimumTemperature>5 DEG C</MinimumTempearture></PML> 01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C???? Local network 23AB.36C2.AB21.6733 Local database Tag 01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C Quality control specialist Inference

31. outline • What and why RFID • The cost issue • Manufacturing low-cost RFID • Handling the data • Current status

32. Status of center Research • RFID/routing software technology: MIT & Adelaide • Manufacturing /Control Applications: Cambridge Standards • Air-interface between reader and tags • Software for handling/routing data Sponsorship • 48 sponsors • 4 continents

33. field trial

34. outline • RFID and the Auto-ID Center • A peek at research issues

35. Research Issues • Tag anti-collision • Reader anti-collision • Security and privacy • Advanced sensor networks • Data routing and handling • IC Design • IC manufacturing • Silicon processing • Chip assembly • Polymers • Controls/automation • Manufacturing systems • System Synthesis • Supply chain issues

36. Anti-collision between tags • Anti-collision between tags • Randomized algorithms (Aloha) • Deterministic tree-walking

37. bandwidth

38. Preventing reader collision • Types of reader collision • Grabbing the same tag • Interfering with each other

39. reader collision problem

40. reader collision problem

41. 3 color tag interference

42. 4 color frequency interference

43. 4 color frequency interference

44. 3 time slots - 2 frequencies

45. One time Functions on the tags • Write address • Lock address • Preload address mask • Read ID (anti-collision) • Read payload • Write payload • Sleep • Wake • Destroy

46. Acuator Sensor Payload2 Piggyback Sensors rfid ic 01. 203D2A. 916E8B. 8719BAE03C Payload1

47. rfid ic Acuator Sensor 01. 203D2A. 916E8B. 8719BAE03C Payload1 Payload2 Piggyback Sensors/Actuators machine

48. event routing • Considers event • Processes event • Reacts to event • Forwards event

49. Savant

50. Does protocol compromise privacy? Not necessarily. Your choice. • You can destroy the tag and opt out • or • You can keep tag for later use • (physics is your friend)