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REVIEW

REVIEW. Muscular System. What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?. Skeletal Cardiac Smooth. On which type of muscle tissue would you observe striations?. Skeletal muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue. What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses?.

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REVIEW

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  1. REVIEW Muscular System

  2. What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

  3. On which type of muscle tissue would you observe striations? Skeletal muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue

  4. What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses? Neural (nervous) tissue

  5. surrounds individual skeletal muscles. Epimysium

  6. surrounds individual muscle cells (fibers)? Endomysium

  7. surrounds muscle fascicles. Perimysium

  8. What is the cell membrane of a skeletal muscle called? Sarcolemma

  9. What structure is the storage site for Ca2+? Terminal cisternae

  10. Active sites on the actin are blocked by when a muscle is at rest. Tropomyosin molecules

  11. What are the contractile units of a skeletal muscle? Sarcomeres

  12. In response to the arrival of an from the transverse tubules, Ca2+ is released from the . Action potential Sarcoplasmic reticulum

  13. = a single contraction? Twitch

  14. During contraction, myosin heads interact with actin filaments, forming what? Cross-bridges

  15. The arrival of an action potential at the synaptic terminal releases into the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine (ACh)

  16. Put the following steps of muscle contraction in order from first to last: Myosin cross-bridges bind to the actin Calcium ion is released from the SR The free myosin head splits ATP The myosin head pivots toward the center of the sarcomere The myosin head binds an ATP molecule and detaches from actin Calcium ion binds to troponin

  17. A muscle producing peak tension with rapid cycles of contraction & relaxation is said to be in . Incomplete tetanus

  18. What are the 3 phases of a twitch? Latent period Contraction period Relaxation operiod

  19. A stair-step increase in twitch tension is known as…? Treppe

  20. Repeated stimulations before the end of the relaxation phase causes increasing tension = . Wave summation (summation of twitches)

  21. occurs if stimulation frequency is high enough that a muscle never begins to relax Complete tetanus *produces a continuous contraction

  22. Increasing tension that is produced by increasing the number of motor units = . Recruitment

  23. An contraction occurs when the muscle shortens in length. Isotonic

  24. A muscle fiber returns to resting length by what 3 mechanisms? Opposing muscle contractions Elastic Gravity

  25. What is the storage molecule for excess ATP? Creatine phosphate CP + ADP  C + ATP

  26. contract quickly, have a large diameter & glycogen reserves, & few mitochondria. Fast fibers

  27. An contraction occurs when the muscle develops tension, but is prevented from changing length. Isometric

  28. What is the primary energy source of resting muscles? Aerobic metabolism *breaks down fatty acids; produces 34 ATP molecules

  29. A helps to start motion or stabilize the origin of the agonist. Fixator

  30. What can happen to muscles as lactic acid builds up and they become exhausted? Fatigue

  31. contract slowly, have a small diameter, contain myoglobin, & have more mitochondria Slow fibers

  32. What is the primary energy source for peak muscular activity? Anaerobic glycolysis *breaks down glucose from glycogen by-product = lactic acid (forms due to accumulation of pyruvic acid)

  33. Name 4 of the effects of aging on the muscular system. Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter Skeletal muscles become less elastic Tolerance for exercise decreases The ability to recover from muscular injuries decreases

  34. Center resistance between applied force and fulcrum Second-class lever

  35. In which type of muscle would you expect to find slow fibers? Red muscle

  36. What is the difference between muscle hypertrophy & atrophy? *Hypertrophy  increased muscle growth from heavy training *Atrophy  reduction in muscle size, tone, & power due to lack of use

  37. Center applied force between resistance and fulcrum Third-class lever

  38. Moving point of attachment = . Insertion

  39. A(n) 1 produces a particular movment, while a(n) 2 opposes that movement. 1: Agonist (prime mover) 2: Antagonist

  40. Center fulcrum between applied force and resistance First-class lever *example: see-saw

  41. Fixed point of attachment = . Origin

  42. What is a smaller muscle that assists a larger muscle called? Synergist

  43. What two points does myosin attach to in a sarcomere? M-line and titin

  44. What does actin attach to in the sarcomere? Z-line

  45. The lengthening of a muscle is what type of contraction? eccentric

  46. What is the area where the axon and the muscle meet called? Neuromuscular junction

  47. What ezyme removes the neurotransmitter Ach from the synaptic cleft? AChE

  48. GOOD LUCK! UNIT 3 TEST TOMORROW! OVER CHAPTERS 4 and 10 STUDY, STUDY, STUDY!!!

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