KINS 151 Website

1. KINS 151 Website www.hhs.csus.edu/HomePages/KHS/imamura/KINS151

2. Introduction • How do objects move? • How do humans move?

3. Definitions • Force (Force = mass x acceleration) • Types of Force • External forces: weight force or gravitational force (w = mg) and others • Internal forces: muscle force/contraction (concentric, eccentric, isometric or static)

4. Anatomical Reference Position

5. Planes of Motion / Axis of Rotation • frontal plane and anteroposterior (sagittal) axis • sagittal plane and mediolateral (frontal, lateral, coronal ) axis • transverse plane and longitudinal (vertical) axis

6. Basic Movements • Primary movements in the sagittal plane are flexion and extension. • Flexion: bending movement • relative angle between adjacent segments decreases • Extension: straightening movement • relative angle between adjacent segments increases and the joint returns to the anatomical position • joint could be “flexed” while it is extending

7. At the ankle, there are special names for flexion and extension • Dorsiflexion: movement of the foot upward (toward the leg), decreasing the ankle angle • Plantar flexion: movement of the foot downward (away from the leg), increasing the ankle angle

8. Hyperflexion (joint position) occurs when the flexion movement goes beyond 180° of flexion or more than half a circle • Occurs at the shoulder joint as the arm rotates above the side of the head • Hyperextension (joint position): extension movement that goes beyond the anatomical position • can take place in the trunk, shoulders, hips, and wrist joints

9. Sagittal Plane / Mediolateral Axis

10. Major frontal plane movements are abduction and adduction • Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body or segment • Adduction: movement back towards the midline of the body or segment

11. Other frontal plane movements include lateral flexion, elevation and depression, upward and downward rotation: • Sideways movements of the head and trunk, designated as right and left (from the perspective of the subject) lateral flexion • Scapular elevation and depression: scapulae raised and lowered in a shrugging motion • Scapular upward and downward rotation, inferior angle moves away from midline (upward) inferior angle moves towards the midline

12. Rotations of the hands and feet in the frontal plane include: • Radial deviation: movement of the hand toward the thumb • Ulnar deviation: movement of the hand toward the little finger • Inversion: medial border of the foot lifts • Eversion: lateral aspect of the foot lifts

13. These terms should not be confused with pronation and supination, which are combinations of movements at the ankle (subtalar) joint • Pronation is a combination of eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion • Supination is a combination of inversion, adduction, and plantar flexion

14. Frontal Plane / Anteroposterior Axis

15. Body movements in the transverse plane are rotational movements about a longitudinal axis • Left and right rotation could occur in the trunk or head segment • Other segment rotations can be internal or external rotations

16. Specific terms are used for rotations of the forearm • Supination: palms rotate outward to face forward as in the anatomical starting position • Pronation: palms are moved to face backwards

17. When the shoulder or hip is flexed to a 90° position, movement in the transverse plane from an anterior to a lateral position is horizontal abduction • Horizontal adduction: movement in the transverse plane from a lateral to an anterior position

18. Transverse Plane / Longitudinal Axis

19. Movement Analysis • Most (if not all) activities can be analyzed by breaking them down into three general phases: 1) preparation ↔ deceleration ↔ eccentric 2) acceleration ↔ acceleration ↔ concentric 3) follow-through ↔ deceleration ↔ eccentric • The more complex an activity is the more phases it tends to have. ex. baseball pitch, walking